自然保护地旅游承载力多情景核算——以云南泸沽湖为例

doi:10.18402/resci.2022.03.15

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

确定旅游承载力是处理自然保护地人地关系的重要手段,也是影响旅游地可持续发展的核心关键。以云南泸沽湖省级自然保护区为例,综合多源数据,利用“双评价”、容量转换等方法计算旅游承载力。结果发现：①泸沽湖具有“三区合一”的典型特征,由自然保护区、社区、景区3类空间叠加而成。自然保护区资源环境承载力等于社区人口负荷与景区旅游承载力之和。空间供给、资源消耗、设施提供和管理水平共同影响旅游承载力,其中空间供给是关键的制约因素;②依照“确定总量—减去存量—计算余量”的逻辑思路,计算出自然保护区适宜土地面积,获得特定建成情景下的资源环境承载力,减去社区人口负荷得到保护区承载力余量,可进一步转换为景区旅游承载力;③维持风景旅游型城镇建成环境条件下,泸沽湖高适宜的土地面积仅为298.54 hm²,占保护区总面积的3.67%;资源环境条件可支撑19920人,承载力余量为15918人,经过转换后可得旅游承载力为11938人/日;④针对短板的限制作用,提出采取倾斜木桶、延长长板等措施,为景区旅游承载力扩容提供思路。研究可为“三区合一”型自然保护地旅游承载力测算提供技术支撑,有利于保护地科学治理。

关键词: 自然保护地, 三区合一, 旅游承载力, 容量转换, 云南省, 泸沽湖省级自然保护区

Abstract:

Determining tourism carrying capacity is an important means to examine the relationship between people and land in nature reserves, which is a key to the sustainable development of tourism destinations. Taking the Yunnan Lugu Lake Provincial Nature Reserve as an example and based on multi-source data, this study calculated the tourism carrying capacity using methods such as “double evaluation” and capacity conversion. The results show that: (1) Lugu is a typical “three-functions-in-one area” where nature reserves, local communities, and scenic spots overlap. The resource and environmental carrying capacity of a nature reserve is equal to the sum of the community population load and the tourism carrying capacity of the scenic spot. Space supply, resource consumption, facility provision, and management level together affect tourism carrying capacity, and space supply is the key restricting factor. (2) By determining the total amount, subtracting the stock, and calculating the remaining capacity, this study calculated the suitable land area of the nature reserve, obtained the resource and environmental carrying capacity under specific development scenarios, and subtracted the community population load to obtain the carrying capacity of the reserve. It was further transformed into the tourism carrying capacity of the scenic spots. (3) Under the condition of maintaining the built-up environment of scenic and tourism-oriented towns, the area of land with high suitability in Lugu is only 298.54 hm², accounting for 3.67% of the total area of the protected area; the resource and environmental conditions can support 19920 people, and the remaining carrying capacity is 15918 people. After the conversion, the available tourism carrying capacity is 11938 people/day. (4) In view of the limitation of short boards, measures such as tilting wooden barrels and extending long boards are proposed to provide ideas for the expansion of tourism carrying capacity of the scenic spots. The results of this research may provide some support for the calculation of the tourism carrying capacity of “three-functions-in-one area” nature reserve, which is beneficial to the management of protected areas.

Key words: nature protected area, three-functions-in-one area, tourism carrying capacity, capacity conversion, Yunnan Province, the Lugu Lake Provincial Nature Reserve

李鹏, 李晨阳, 沈梦婷, 杨亚娜, 赵敏, 杨桂华. 自然保护地旅游承载力多情景核算——以云南泸沽湖为例[J]. 资源科学, 2022, 44(3): 620-633.

LI Peng, LI Chenyang, SHEN Mengting, YANG Yana, ZHAO Min, YANG Guihua. Multi-scenario accounting of tourism carrying capacity in nature protected areas: Taking the Lugu Lake Nature Reserve in Yunnan as a case[J]. Resources Science, 2022, 44(3): 620-633.

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数据种类	数据名称	数据描述	数据来源
自然生态	DEM数字高程数据	栅格	ALOS PALSAR
	保护区功能分区图	矢量	管委会提供
	土地利用现状图	JPEG	管委会提供
	2019年平均NDVI图	栅格	Google Earth Engine
	环湖80 m生态红线图	JPEG	管委会提供
社区发展	人口特征	人口数/人户口数/户民族	落水村提供、入户调查
	耕地	耕地面积/亩人均耕地/（亩/人）	落水村提供、实地考察
	停车场	场地面积/亩车位数/个	管委会提供、实地考察
	社区管理	村规民约自然村数量/个	管委会、落水村提供
旅游服务	住宿设施	客栈数/家客房数/间	管委会提供、问卷
	餐饮设施	饭店数/家房间数/间	管委会提供、问卷
	游船数量	游船数量/艘出船趟数	管委会、自然村提供
	篝火晚会	场地面积/m² 游客数/人场数	管委会提供、访谈
	旅游管理情况	管理部门方式人数	管委会提供、座谈会

限制性因素	指标	指标属性	潜在提升手段
空间供给	游客游憩用地	刚性	法律要求变化规划调整
	居民社会用地	刚性
资源消耗	供水能力	弹性	外部调配
	电力供应	弹性
	垃圾处理	弹性
	污水处理	弹性
设施提供	住宿设施	弹性	提升改造
	娱乐设施	弹性
	交通设施	弹性
管理水平	内部管理	弹性	智慧化和人才引进
	外部协调	弹性

因子分级	高程/m	坡度/°	坡向	地形起伏度/m	年度植被指数	地块集中度/hm²
1	[3260, 3869]	[25, 81]	N	[313, 645]	[0.8, 0.9]	[0, 1)
2	[3050, 3260)	[15, 25)	NE、NW	[202, 313)	[0.6, 0.8)	[1, 5)
3	[2860, 3050)	[8, 15)	Lv、W、E	[142, 202)	[0.4, 0.6)	[5, 10)
4	[2730, 2860)	[3, 8)	SE、SW	[67, 142)	[0.2, 0.4)	[10, 20)
5	[2685, 2730)	[0, 3)	S	[0, 67)	[0, 0.2)	[20, 106]
权重	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.4	—

情景	居民人均用地面积/（m²/人）	游客人均游览面积/（m²/人）	比率（居民人均用地面积/游客人均游览面积）
山地旅游村庄	200	[300, 600)	[0.33, 0.80)
风景旅游城镇	150	[150, 300)	[0.50, 1.00)
一般城市型	110	[100, 150)	[0.73, 1.10)

功能区	用地属性	面积/hm²	占实验区比重/%	占保护区比重/%	评价结果
实验区	可利用土地	298.54	10.37	3.67	高适宜
		149.09	5.18	1.83	一般适宜
		1404.43	48.76	17.27	不适宜
	80 m生态岸线	195.07	6.77	2.40	—
	水域	832.85	28.92	10.24	—
缓冲区	—	1422.65	—	17.49	—
核心区	—	3830.37	—	47.10	—
合计	—	8133.00	100.00	100.00	—