资源科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (3): 620-633.doi: 10.18402/resci.2022.03.15
李鹏1(), 李晨阳2, 沈梦婷1, 杨亚娜3, 赵敏2(
), 杨桂华1
收稿日期:
2021-08-20
修回日期:
2021-11-16
出版日期:
2022-03-25
发布日期:
2022-05-25
通讯作者:
赵敏,女,云南昆明人,副教授,研究方向为遗产保护、保护地与空间规划。E-mail: zhaomin@ynu.edu.cn作者简介:
李鹏,男,湖南南县人,教授,研究方向为保护地与游憩、生态旅游。E-mail: leap@ynu.edu.cn
基金资助:
LI Peng1(), LI Chenyang2, SHEN Mengting1, YANG Yana3, ZHAO Min2(
), YANG Guihua1
Received:
2021-08-20
Revised:
2021-11-16
Online:
2022-03-25
Published:
2022-05-25
摘要:
确定旅游承载力是处理自然保护地人地关系的重要手段,也是影响旅游地可持续发展的核心关键。以云南泸沽湖省级自然保护区为例,综合多源数据,利用“双评价”、容量转换等方法计算旅游承载力。结果发现:①泸沽湖具有“三区合一”的典型特征,由自然保护区、社区、景区3类空间叠加而成。自然保护区资源环境承载力等于社区人口负荷与景区旅游承载力之和。空间供给、资源消耗、设施提供和管理水平共同影响旅游承载力,其中空间供给是关键的制约因素;②依照“确定总量—减去存量—计算余量”的逻辑思路,计算出自然保护区适宜土地面积,获得特定建成情景下的资源环境承载力,减去社区人口负荷得到保护区承载力余量,可进一步转换为景区旅游承载力;③维持风景旅游型城镇建成环境条件下,泸沽湖高适宜的土地面积仅为298.54 hm2,占保护区总面积的3.67%;资源环境条件可支撑19920人,承载力余量为15918人,经过转换后可得旅游承载力为11938人/日;④针对短板的限制作用,提出采取倾斜木桶、延长长板等措施,为景区旅游承载力扩容提供思路。研究可为“三区合一”型自然保护地旅游承载力测算提供技术支撑,有利于保护地科学治理。
李鹏, 李晨阳, 沈梦婷, 杨亚娜, 赵敏, 杨桂华. 自然保护地旅游承载力多情景核算——以云南泸沽湖为例[J]. 资源科学, 2022, 44(3): 620-633.
LI Peng, LI Chenyang, SHEN Mengting, YANG Yana, ZHAO Min, YANG Guihua. Multi-scenario accounting of tourism carrying capacity in nature protected areas: Taking the Lugu Lake Nature Reserve in Yunnan as a case[J]. Resources Science, 2022, 44(3): 620-633.
表1
研究数据种类及来源
数据种类 | 数据名称 | 数据描述 | 数据来源 |
---|---|---|---|
自然生态 | DEM数字高程数据 | 栅格 | ALOS PALSAR |
保护区功能分区图 | 矢量 | 管委会提供 | |
土地利用现状图 | JPEG | 管委会提供 | |
2019年平均NDVI图 | 栅格 | Google Earth Engine | |
环湖80 m生态红线图 | JPEG | 管委会提供 | |
社区发展 | 人口特征 | 人口数/人 户口数/户 民族 | 落水村提供、入户调查 |
耕地 | 耕地面积/亩 人均耕地/(亩/人) | 落水村提供、实地考察 | |
停车场 | 场地面积/亩 车位数/个 | 管委会提供、实地考察 | |
社区管理 | 村规民约 自然村数量/个 | 管委会、落水村提供 | |
旅游服务 | 住宿设施 | 客栈数/家 客房数/间 | 管委会提供、问卷 |
餐饮设施 | 饭店数/家 房间数/间 | 管委会提供、问卷 | |
游船数量 | 游船数量/艘 出船趟数 | 管委会、自然村提供 | |
篝火晚会 | 场地面积/m2 游客数/人 场数 | 管委会提供、访谈 | |
旅游管理情况 | 管理部门 方式 人数 | 管委会提供、座谈会 |
表3
云南泸沽湖省级自然保护区空间适宜性等级评价因子及权重
因子分级 | 高程/m | 坡度/° | 坡向 | 地形起伏度/m | 年度植被指数 | 地块集中度/hm2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | [3260, 3869] | [25, 81] | N | [313, 645] | [0.8, 0.9] | [0, 1) |
2 | [3050, 3260) | [15, 25) | NE、NW | [202, 313) | [0.6, 0.8) | [1, 5) |
3 | [2860, 3050) | [8, 15) | Lv、W、E | [142, 202) | [0.4, 0.6) | [5, 10) |
4 | [2730, 2860) | [3, 8) | SE、SW | [67, 142) | [0.2, 0.4) | [10, 20) |
5 | [2685, 2730) | [0, 3) | S | [0, 67) | [0, 0.2) | [20, 106] |
权重 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.4 | — |
图4
倾斜木桶延长长板以扩大景区容量示意图 注:(1)对于旅游景区而言,旅游承载力受到了空间供给等多因素的影响,如图a;假设木桶短板高度为H,最长板高度为1.5H,且H等于木桶半径r,当木桶没有发生倾斜时,最大容量为V=pr2H V = π r 2 H;(2)在短板长度无法提升的情况下,扩容的另一种选择是倾斜木桶并延长长板,如图b、c、d;木桶倾斜角度越大,长板需要延长的长度越长,支出的成本也就越大:当木桶继续倾斜30°、45°和60°时,就需将长板分别延长至2.01H、3.00H、4.46H,容量则可增加至1.58V、2.00V、2.73V;(3)参考劳伦斯·R·波默罗伊的《Cycles of essential elements》一书进行改绘。
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