东北地区城际专利转移的空间—行业路径与影响因素

doi:10.18402/resci.2022.02.12

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

创新驱动发展是新时期东北实现全面振兴的必经之路。本文使用2016年全国尺度的发明专利转移数据,分析东北地区城际专利转移空间—行业路径的特征,并进一步借助Tobit回归模型,揭示东北地区城际专利转移路径形成的影响因素。结果表明：①东北地区的城际专利转移以跨区域转移为主。跨区域专利转移在空间、行业和路径方面均呈现明显的聚集性,空间上主要集中于北京、常州、深圳、益阳和上海等,行业主要集中于化学原料和化学制品制造业、装备制造业、医药制造业等。②区域内专利转移具有一定的空间和行业聚集性,但路径聚集性不明显。③城市主体的行政等级、创新载体数量、对外开放程度、城市间创新合作、城市间创新能力差异、地理邻近性、行业发展邻近性以及城市创新邻近性均对东北地区专利转移具有显著影响。本文结果可为挖掘东北地区的产业发展潜力、构建技术合作网络以及制定区域合作和创新发展驱动战略提供指导。

关键词: 创新, 技术转移, 产业, 跨区域, Tobit模型, 东北地区

Abstract:

As the Chinese economy entered a “new normal” state, the development of Northeast China suffered keenly. Innovation plays an important role in promoting industrial development. Thus, revealing the industry characteristics and specific paths of innovation resources flow is an important approach for examining industrial development in the region. This study explored the characteristics of flow of innovation resources from the industry and spatial perspectives as well as the mechanism. The results indicate that: (1) Patent transfers in Northeast China have obvious spatial and industry clustering characteristics. The number of patents transferred within the Northeast region is significantly greater than that of cross-regional patent transfer. Patent input and output networks have similar spatial patterns, but the spatial aggregation of the patent input network is significantly higher than that of the patent output network. Patents transferred within the Northeast region are mainly concentrated in equipment manufacturing and heavy chemical industries such as chemical raw materials and chemical product manufacturing, general equipment manufacturing, and the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry. (2) The spatial-industry routes of patent transfer in the Northeast region are mainly concentrated in the equipment manufacturing and heavy chemical industries between the cities of Dalian, Shenyang, Harbin, and Changchun. Cross-regional patent input network shows certain path aggregation characteristics, and 30% of patent transfers are concentrated in the raw materials and chemical product manufacturing from Beijing to Shenyang. In contrast, the number of patents on each patent output path is relatively balanced. (3) The administrative level of the city, the number of innovation carriers, the degree of opening, inter-city innovation cooperation, geographical proximity, industrial development proximity and urban innovation proximity have significant impact on the patent transfer in northeast China. This study can provide some reference for the development of industries in Northeast China.

Key words: innovation, technology transfer, industry, cross-regional, Tobit model, Northeast China

王姣娥, 杜方叶, 景悦, 杜德林. 东北地区城际专利转移的空间—行业路径与影响因素[J]. 资源科学, 2022, 44(2): 365-374.

WANG Jiaoe, DU Fangye, JING Yue, DU Delin. Spatial-industry paths of technology transfer: An empirical study of Northeast China[J]. Resources Science, 2022, 44(2): 365-374.

图/表 5

表1

变量选择及含义

变量名称	变量编码	含义
因变量
专利转移量	Patent	空间—行业路径上的专利数量/件
城市主体属性
输入城市经济基础	GDP_D	2016年专利输入城市GDP/亿元
输出城市经济基础	GDP_O	2016年专利输出城市GDP/亿元
输入城市科研投入	R&D_D	专利输入城市的R&D经费投入/亿元
输出城市科研投入	R&D_O	专利输出城市的R&D经费投入/亿元
输入城市行政等级	Lev_D	虚拟变量：专利输入城市是否为省会或直辖市（0：是;1：否）
输出城市行政等级	Lev_O	虚拟变量：专利输出城市是否为省会或直辖市（0：是;1：否）
输入城市创新能力	Pat_D	专利输入城市的专利授权量/件
输出城市创新能力	Pat_O	专利输出城市的专利授权量/件
输入城市创新载体数量	Plat_D	专利输入城市的国家重点实验室数量/个
输出城市创新载体数量	Plat_O	专利输出城市的国家重点实验室数量/个
输入城市对外开放程度	Open_D	专利输入城市实际外商投资额/亿元
输出城市对外开放程度	Open_O	专利输出城市实际外商投资额/亿元
城市间的联系与差异
创新合作基础	Coop	专利输出和输入城市的专利合作数量/件
经济发展基础差异	Dif_GDP	专利输出和输入城市GDP的差值/亿元
行业发展差异	Dif_PV	专利输出和输入城市对应行业产值的差值/亿元
科研投入差异	Dif_R&D	专利输出和输入城市R&D经费投入的差值/亿元
创新能力差异	Dif_Inn	专利输出和输入城市专利授权量的差值/件
邻近性
地理邻近性	Pro_Geo	计算两城市间路网距离d_ij（单位为km）,并将其标准化,可得地理邻近性 $Pro_Ge o ij$ ,计算公式为： $Pro_Ge o ij = 1 - ln (d ij / max d ij)$
产业结构邻近性	Pro_Str	$Pro_Str = ∑ k = 1 n s ik s jk ∑ k = 1 n s ik 2 ∑ k = 1 n s jk 2$ 式中： $s ik$ 和 $s jk$ 分别为城市i和城市j行业k的产值比重;n表示行业数量
城市创新邻近性	Pro_Inn	$C = 2 p i × p j p i + p j, T = θ p i + μ p j, Pro_Inn = C × T$ 式中： $p i$ 和 $p j$ 分别为城市i和城市j的专利授权量; $θ$ 和 $μ$ 分别为权重系数,均采用0.5; $C$ 和 $T$ 分别代表耦合度和协调度

表1

表2

图1

图2

表3

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排名	输出城市	输入城市	行业	数量/件	占东北区域内专利转移量比重/%
1	沈阳	朝阳	电气机械和器材制造业	15	3.7
2	长春	大连	化学原料和化学制品制造业	14	3.5
3	哈尔滨	鸡西	医药制造业	12	3.0
4	大连	沈阳	计算机、通信设备制造业	11	2.7
5	沈阳	大连	运输设备制造业	9	2.2
6	长春	通化	医药制造业	8	2.0
7	大连	营口	金属制品业	7	1.7
8	沈阳	长春	其他制造业	7	1.7
9	吉林	长春	化学原料和化学制品制造业	6	1.5
10	沈阳	抚顺	通用设备制造业	6	1.5
总计				95	23.5

变量名称	回归系数
城市主体属性
输入城市行政等级	2.51**
输出城市行政等级	2.42**
输出城市创新载体数量	0.04***
输入城市创新载体数量	0.05***
输出城市对外开放程度	-1.28e-6
输入城市对外开放程度	1.58e-6***
城市间合作与差异
创新合作	0.60**
行业发展差异	-4.14e-9
科研投入差异	0.01
创新能力差异	-0.01**
邻近性
地理邻近性	-0.01**
行业发展邻近性	-3.25***
城市创新邻近性	81.04***
样本量	454230
对数似然值	-7872.4
Likelihood ratio Chi²（df）	2630.7