中国西部地区旅游环境效率时空分异及影响因素

doi:10.18402/resci.2022.01.11

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

旅游环境效率表征绿色发展水平,直接关系到旅游业与生态环境两大系统的协调发展。基于中国西部地区2009—2018年的面板数据,综合运用非期望产出的Super-SBM 模型、探索性空间数据分析、趋势面分析等方法阐释西部地区旅游环境效率的时空分异特征,并结合地理探测器方法揭示旅游环境效率时空分异的影响因素。研究表明：①西部地区的旅游环境效率平均水平较低,随着时间的推移总体表现出曲折式上升态势,并且西部地区各省（区、市）旅游环境效率均值具有显著差异,效率均值极差较大,呈现高离散性现象;②研究期内西部地区旅游环境效率具有显著的空间正相关性,表现出“西低东高,北低南高,东西陡峭,南北亦陡”的空间趋势特征,并且随时间变化表现出冷热交替现象,热点区聚集南部地区,冷点区分布西北地区,同时西部地区旅游环境效率发生了明显空间层级变化,高效率区和次高效率区占比逐渐增加;③西部地区旅游环境效率时空分异受到多重因素的综合影响,环境自净能力、产业支撑能力、经济发展水平、交通可达性、人力资本、科技发展水平是旅游环境效率的重要影响因子,不同的交互因子驱动力均高于单独因子的力度,而对外开放水平、城镇化水平、旅游资源相对丰度、环境规制水平等因子对旅游环境效率时空分异的解释力度较小。为此,本文建议根据重要影响因素大力提升西部地区旅游环境效率并优化空间分异格局,促进生态文明建设。

关键词: 旅游环境效率, Super-SBM 模型, 地理探测器, 时空分异, 影响因素, 中国西部

Abstract:

Tourism environmental efficiency, representing its green development level, is directly related to the coordinated development of tourism and ecological environment. Based on the panel data of the western region of China in 2009-2018 and the integrated use of the expected output of super-SBM (slacks-based measure) models, exploratory spatial data analysis, and trend surface analysis, this study examined the spatial and temporal differentiation characteristics of tourism environmental efficiency in western China. Combined with the geographical detector method, this study identified the factors that affect the spatial and temporal differentiation of tourism environmental efficiency. The results show that: (1) The average level of tourism environmental efficiency in western China is low, and it showed a fluctuating upward trend with the passage of time. The mean values of tourism environmental efficiency in different provinces and autonomous regions in western China were significantly different, the extreme mean values differed greatly, and the mean values were highly dispersed. (2) In the study period, tourism environmental efficiency in the western region showed significant positive spatial correlation, low in the west and north and high in the east and south, with steep slopes in each direction. Hot spot and cold spot areas alternated, and hot spots gathered in the southern area and cold spots in the northwestern area. Meanwhile, tourism environmental efficiency experienced obvious spatial scale changes, and high efficiency and medium-high efficiency areas gradually increased. (3) The spatial and temporal differentiation of tourism environmental efficiency was affected by multiple factors. Environmental carrying capacity, industrial supporting ability, the level of economic development, transportation accessibility, human capital, and science and technology development level were the important influencing factors, and the interactive influences of different driving factors were higher than that of individual factors. However, factors such as the level of opening-up, urbanization, relative abundance of tourism resources, and level of environmental regulation had little influence on the spatial-temporal differentiation of tourism environmental efficiency. Therefore, this article suggests that tourism environmental efficiency and spatial differentiation pattern in western China should be greatly improved according to the important influencing factors, in order to promote the high-quality development of tourism and promote ecological civilization construction.

Key words: environmental efficiency of tourism, super-SBM model, geographical detector, temporal and spatial differentiation, influencing factors, western China

覃小华, 李星明, 时朋飞, 唐明贵. 中国西部地区旅游环境效率时空分异及影响因素[J]. 资源科学, 2022, 44(1): 143-155.

QIN Xiaohua, LI Xingming, SHI Pengfei, TANG Minggui. Spatial-temporal differentiation and influencing factors of tourism environmental efficiency in western China[J]. Resources Science, 2022, 44(1): 143-155.

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代码	探测因素	具体指标	含义
X1	经济发展水平	国内生产总值GDP/亿元	衡量各省（区）经济发展总体状况
X2	产业支撑能力	旅游总收入占第三产业的比重/%	表征旅游产业结构
X3	城镇化水平	人口城镇化率/%	衡量人口要素在城市空间的集聚水平
X4	科技发展水平	R&D经费投入总额/万元	反映各省（区）科技创新能力
X5	交通可达性	旅客周转量/（亿人·km）	衡量交通系统的便捷性及通畅性
X6	对外开发程度	进出口贸易总额占GDP比重/%	表征经济的外部性及外贸依存度
X7	环境规制水平	环境污染治理投资总额占GDP比重/%	衡量各省（区）对环境问题的重视程度和治理力度
X8	环境自净能力	森林覆盖率/%	表征生态环境基底情况
X9	旅游资源相对丰度	旅游资源绝对丰度与各地区面积的比值,其中旅游资源相对丰度为3A级及以上景区总的赋值（5A、4A及3A分别对应5分、4分、3分）^[36]	表征各省（区）旅游资源禀赋条件
X10	人力资本	在校大学生/万人	衡量人才队伍素质

类型	指标名称	指标说明
投入变量	资源投入	旅游企业规模（A级旅游景区、旅行社及星级饭店总的数量）
	资本投入	旅游固定资产投资额（A级旅游景区、旅行社及星级饭店总的固定资产投资额）
	资本投入	环境污染治理投资总额
	劳动力投入	旅游从业人数
产出变量	期望产出	旅游总收入
产出变量	非期望产出	旅游碳排放量（旅游交通、旅游住宿及旅游活动碳排放量的总和）

省（区、市）	旅游环境效率均值	省（区、市）	旅游环境效率均值
甘肃	0.322	重庆	0.812
广西	0.683	内蒙古	0.173
宁夏	0.226	贵州	1.382
青海	0.299	西藏	0.344
陕西	0.523	总均值	0.594
四川	1.383	西南均值	0.880
新疆	0.305	西北均值	0.308
云南	0.678

代码	探测因子	φ值		作用变化
代码	探测因子	2009年	2018年	作用变化
X1	经济发展水平	0.555***	0.484**	减弱
X2	产业支撑能力	0.733***	0.619***	减弱
X3	城镇化水平	0.110**	0.236***	增强
X4	科技发展水平	0.627***	0.401***	减弱
X5	交通可达性	0.694***	0.671***	增强
X6	对外开发程度	0.225**	0.468***	增强
X7	环境规制水平	0.561***	0.366*	减弱
X8	环境自净能力	0.744***	0.826***	增强
X9	旅游资源相对丰度	0.423***	0.454***	增强
X10	人力资本	0.331*	0.783***	增强

2009年			2018年
主导交互因子	φ值	交互类型	主导交互因子	φ值	交互类型
X2∩X3	0.821	双因子增强型	X2∩X8	0.858	双因子增强型
X2∩X4	0.771	双因子增强型	X2∩X7	0.738	双因子增强型
X2∩X6	0.758	双因子增强型	X1∩X2	0.747	双因子增强型
X2∩X7	0.751	双因子增强型	X1∩X7	0.893	非线性增强型
X3∩X8	0.859	非线性增强型	X3∩X5	0.681	双因子增强型