水资源分类方案及学科体系

doi:10.18402/resci.2021.11.06

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

水资源的界定和分类是开展水资源研究和管理工作的基础,水资源学学科体系建设对学科未来发展具有重要意义。水资源的分类进一步明确了水资源学的研究对象,是构建水资源学学科体系的基础内容,在梳理现有水资源分类方案的基础上,按照多原则-多维度-多类别的分类思路,提出了水资源分类新方案,包含9个维度26种类别;在总结水资源学发展历程基础上,构建了水资源学学科体系框架,明确了水资源学的研究对象,梳理了包含水量平衡原理、水资源价值理论、水资源可持续利用理论和人水和谐论等代表性理论体系,总结了涵盖监测与模拟方法、水资源模型等方法的方法论和一系列应用实践;考虑水资源分类,从不同角度探讨了水资源学派生出的分支学科,并对水资源学研究方向进行了展望。为水资源研究和管理工作以及水资源学学科建设提供参考。

关键词: 水资源, 水资源分类, 水资源学, 学科体系, 发展布局

Abstract:

The definition and classification of water resources are the basis of conducting water resources research and management. The construction of the disciplinary system of water resources science is of great significance to the future development of the discipline. The classification of water resources further clarifies the research objects of water resources and is the basic content of constructing the disciplinary system of water resources science. Based on a framework of multi-principle, multi-dimension, and multi-category, a new classification scheme of water resources was put forward, which includes 26 categories in 9 dimensions. On the basis of summarizing the development history of water resources science, this study constructed the disciplinary system framework of water resources science, clarified the research objects of water resources science, and identified representative theoretical systems including the principle of water balance, the theory of water resources value, the theory of sustainable use of water resources, and the theory of human-water harmony. It also summarized the methodology covering monitoring and simulation methods, water resources models and other methods, and a series of applications. Considering the classification of water resources, the branches of water resources school are discussed from different perspectives, as well as the prospect and development directions of the research of water resources science. This study provides a reference for the research and management of water resources and the disciplinary development of water resources science.

Key words: water resources, water resources classification, water resources science, disciplinary system, development layout

左其亭, 张志卓, 马军霞. 水资源分类方案及学科体系[J]. 资源科学, 2021, 43(11): 2215-2223.

ZUO Qiting, ZHANG Zhizhuo, MA Junxia. Classification scheme of water resources and its disciplinary system[J]. Resources Science, 2021, 43(11): 2215-2223.

图/表 2

参考文献 31

[1]	Connor R. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2015: Water for a Sustainable World[M]. Beijing: China Water & Power Press, 2015.
[2]	鄂竟平. 坚定不移践行水利改革发展总基调加快推进水利治理体系和治理能力现代化: 在2020年全国水利工作会议上的讲话[J]. 中国水利, 2020, (2):1-15.
	[ E J P. Implement the keynote for water development and reform unswervingly and consolidate water governance system and capacity building for modernization: Speech at 2020 National Water Conservancy Working Conference[J]. China Water Resources, 2020, (2):1-15.]
[3]	中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会. 中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要[N]. 人民日报, 2021-03-13(01).
	[National Development and Reform Commission. The Fourteenth Five-Year Plan for the National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China and the Outline of the Vision Goals in 2035[N]. People’s Daily, 2021-03-13(01).]
[4]	夏军, 左其亭. 水资源学发展报告[M]. 北京: 中国科学技术出版社, 2012.
	[ Xia J, Zuo Q T. Water Resources Research and Development Report[M]. Beijing: China Science and Technology Press, 2012.]
[5]	陈家琦. 论水资源学和水文学的关系[J]. 水科学进展, 1999, 10(3):215-218.
	[ Chen J Q. On the relation between hydrology and science of water resources[J]. Advances in Water Science, 1999, 10(3):215-218.]
[6]	王浩, 王建华, 秦大庸, 等. 现代水资源评价及水资源学学科体系研究[J]. 地球科学进展, 2002, 17(1):12-17.
	[ Wang H, Wang J H, Qin D Y, et al. The study on water resources assessment and subject system of water resources study on modern times[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2002, 17(1):12-17.]
[7]	陈传友, 王春元, 高迎春. 论水资源学[J]. 水利水电科技进展, 2002, 22(2):1-6.
	[ Chen C Y, Wang C Y, Gao Y C. On water resources science[J]. Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources, 2002, 22(2):1-6.]
[8]	夏军, 左其亭. 我国水资源学术交流十年总结与展望[J]. 自然资源学报, 2013, 28(9):1488-1497.
	[ Xia J, Zuo Q T. China’s decade summary and prospect of water resources academic exchange[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2013, 28(9):1488-1497.]
[9]	韩宇平, 贾冬冬, 王春颖. 基于文献计量的水资源学发展研究[J]. 华北水利水电大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 38(5):54-62.
	[ Han Y P, Jia D D, Wang C Y. Development Research of Water Resources Science Based on Bibliometric Method[J]. Journal of North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power(Natural Science Edition), 2017, 38(5):54-62.]
[10]	陈志恺. 中国水利百科全书: 水文与水资源分册[M]. 北京: 中国水利水电出版社, 2004.
	[ Chen Z K. Encyclopedia of Water Resources in China: Hydrology and Water Resources[M]. Beijing: China Water Resources and Hydropower Press, 2004.]
[11]	United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). International Glossary of Hydrology[R/OL]. (2012-09-01) [2021-05-01]. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000221862?1=null&queryId=ab3a0199-a818-4f03-84b1-c21f290f8033.
[12]	左其亭, 窦明, 马军霞. 水资源学教程. 2版[M]. 北京: 中国水利水电出版社, 2016.
	[ Zuo Q T, Dou M, Ma J X. Water Resources Research. 2nd Ed.[M]. China Water & Power Press, 2016.]
[13]	United Nations, European Commission, Food and Agriculture Organization, International Monetary Fund, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, The World Bank. System of Environmental-economic Accounting 2012: Central Framework[R/OL]. (2014-02-01) [2021-05-01]. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/seeaRev/SEEA_CF_Final_en.pdf.
[14]	Chiras D D, Reganold J P, Owen O S. Natural Resource Conservation[M]. Charlottesville: Pearson Press, 2009.
[15]	Food and Agriculture Organization. Towards a Water and Food Secure Future[R/OL]. (2015-06-15)[2021-05-01]. https://www.fao.org/3/i4560e/i4560e.pdf.
[16]	中国科学院自然科学史研究所地学史组. 中国古代地理学史[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1984.
	[Institute of the History of Natural Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The History of Chinese Ancient Geography[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1984.]
[17]	中国资源科学百科全书编辑委员会. 中国资源科学百科全书[M]. 北京: 中国大百科全书出版社, 2000.
	[Editorial Board of Encyclopedia of Resources Science in China. Encyclopedia of Resources Science in China[M]. Beijing: Encyclopedia of China Publishing House, 2000.]
[18]	陈国光, 张晓东, 张洁, 等. 自然资源分类体系探讨[J]. 华东地质, 2020, 41(3):209-214.
	[ Chen G G, Zhang X D, Zhang J, et al. Discussion on natural resources classification system[J]. East China Geology, 2020, 41(3):209-214.]
[19]	郝爱兵, 殷志强, 彭令, 等. 学理与法理和管理相结合的自然资源分类刍议[J]. 水文地质工程地质, 2020, 47(6):1-7.
	[ Hao A B, Yin Z Q, Peng L, et al. A discussion of the classification of natural resources based on the combination of academic-legal principles and management[J]. Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology, 2020, 47(6):1-7.]
[20]	孙兴丽, 刘晓煌, 刘晓洁, 等. 面向统一管理的自然资源分类体系研究[J]. 资源科学, 2020, 42(10):1860-1869.
	[ Sun X L, Liu X H, Liu X J, et al. Classification system of natural resources for integrated management[J]. Resources Science, 2020, 42(10):1860-1869.]
[21]	中华人民共和国水利部. 中国水资源公报-2019[M]. 北京: 中国水利水电出版社, 2020.
	[Ministry of Water Resources, PRC. Water Resources and Environment in China, 2019[M]. Beijing: China Water Conservancy and Hydropower Press, 2020.]
[22]	中华人民共和国水利部. 建设项目水资源论证导则: SL 322-2013[S]. 北京: 中国水利水电出版社, 2014.
	[Ministry of Water Resources, PRC. The Guidelines for Water Resources Assessment of Construction Projects: SL 322-2013[S]. Beijing: China Water Resources and Hydropower Press, 2014.]
[23]	中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部. 城市水系规划规范: GB 50513-2009[S]. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2009.
	[Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, PRC. Code for Urban Water System: GB 50513-2009[S]. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press, 2009.]
[24]	中华人民共和国国家技术监督局. 地下水资源分类分级标准: GB 15218-1994[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 1995.
	[State Bureau of Technical Supervision, PRC. Standards of Classification for Groundwater Resources: GB 15218-1994[S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 1995.]
[25]	苏超. 对地下水资源分类法的探讨[J]. 地下水, 1989, 11(2):65-68.
	[ Su C. Discussion on classification of groundwater resources[J]. Ground Water, 1989, 11(2):65-68.]
[26]	李世忠, 王宏义. 我国矿水资源的分类及其利用[J]. 资源开发与保护, 1992, 8(1):60-62.
	[ Li S Z, Wang H Y. Study on the classification and utilization of mineral resources in China[J]. Resources Development and Protection, 1992, 8(1):60-62.]
[27]	李佩成, 寸待贵, 岳亮, 等. 再论景观水资源及其分类[J]. 水科学进展, 1998, 9(2):71-75.
	[ Li P C, Cun D G, Yue L, et al. Second remark on scenic water resources[J]. Advances in Water Science, 1998, 9(2):71-75.]
[28]	周维博, 李佩成. 灌溉水资源的分类与功能分析[J]. 灌溉排水学报, 2003, 22(1):62-66.
	[ Zhou W B, Li P C. Study on the classification and function of irrigation water resources[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 2003, 22(1):62-66.]
[29]	陈家琦, 王浩. 水资源学概论[M]. 北京: 中国水利水电出版社, 1996.
	[ Chen J Q, Wang H. An Introduction to Water Resources Science[M]. Beijing: China Water Resources and Hydropower Press, 1996.]
[30]	左其亭, 赵衡, 马军霞. 水资源与经济社会和谐平衡研究[J]. 水利学报, 2014, 45(7):785-792.
	[ Zuo Q T, Zhao H, Ma J X. Study on harmony equilibrium between water resources and economic society development[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2014, 45(7):785-792.]
[31]	左其亭, 吴滨滨, 张伟, 等. 跨界河流分水理论方法及黄河分水新方案计算[J]. 资源科学, 2020, 42(1):37-45.
	[ Zuo Q T, Wu B B, Zhang W, et al. A method of water distribution in transboundary rivers and the new calculation scheme of the Yellow River water distribution[J]. Resources Science, 2020, 42(1):37-45.]

划分纬度	水资源类别
按空间属性分	地表水
	地下水
	空中水
按地理分布分	陆域水
按地理分布分	海洋水
按物理特性分	液态水
	气态水
	固态水
按载体形式分	江河水
	湿地水
	湖库水
	冰川水
	土壤水
	井泉水
	生物水
按形成条件分	当地水
按形成条件分	入境水
按功能用途分	生产用水
	生活用水
	生态用水
按供水类别分	常规水
按供水类别分	非常规水
按消耗状况分	消耗性用水
按消耗状况分	非消耗性用水
按利用方式分	河道外用水
按利用方式分	河道内用水