不同补贴方式对中国农村低收入家庭食物安全改善效果比较

doi:10.18402/resci.2021.10.05

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

2020年后,缓解相对贫困的长效机制将从以往的“扶贫”战略向“防贫”战略转变,亟需构建新型社会救助制度,改善农村低收入家庭的食物安全,推动长效减贫。本文基于2012—2018年中国农业科学院全国农村微观经济数据,估计了农村低收入家庭的卡路里、宏量营养素和4种关键微量营养素的收入弹性,利用所得弹性估值模拟了实现不同营养目标所需的现金转移支付金额,利用食物与营养的转换关系模拟了实现不同营养目标所需的实物转移支付金额。研究结果表明：①大部分营养素的收入弹性偏小。②实物转移支付比现金转移支付能够更为有效地改善农村低收入家庭的食物与营养安全。③补贴成本相同的条件下,主副食相结合的实物转移支付方式相较于其他形式的实物转移支付,可更加均衡地改善低收入人群的营养状况。进入后扶贫时代,我国可以考虑建立当前许多国家（如美国、印度、埃及等）实施的实物转移支付制度,有针对性地保障低收入家庭的食物和营养安全,改善低收入人群的营养均衡状况。

关键词: 现金转移支付, 实物转移支付, 营养素-收入弹性, 农村低收入家庭, 食物安全, 营养状况, 中国

Abstract:

After 2020, the long-term mechanism to alleviate relative poverty will be transformed from the previous strategy of “poverty alleviation” to the strategy of “poverty prevention”. It is urgent to build a new social assistance system to improve food security for low-income households in rural areas and promote long-term poverty reduction. This study estimated the income elasticities of calorie, macronutrients, and four key micronutrients for low-income rural households using China’s Rural Microeconomic Data from 2012 to 2018 collected by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The obtained elasticity estimates were used to simulate the amount of cash transfers required to achieve different nutritional goals, and the conversion relationship between food and nutrition was used to simulate the amount of in-kind transfers required to achieve the nutritional goals. The results show that: (1) The income elasticities of most nutrients are small. (2)In-kind transfers can improve the food and nutrition security of low-income rural households more effectively than cash. (3) Under the condition of the same subsidy cost, the combination of staple and non-staple food can more effectively improve the nutritional balance of low-income residents. Entering the post-poverty era, China can consider establishing in-kind transfer system currently implemented by many countries (such as the United States, India, Egypt) to ensure the food and nutrition security of low-income residents and improve their nutritional balance.

Key words: cash transfer, in-kind transfer, income elasticities of nutrients, low-income rural households, food security, nutritional status, China

高杨, 郑志浩. 不同补贴方式对中国农村低收入家庭食物安全改善效果比较[J]. 资源科学, 2021, 43(10): 1990-2002.

GAO Yang, ZHENG Zhihao. Comparison of the effects of different subsidy forms on improving food security of low-income rural households in China[J]. Resources Science, 2021, 43(10): 1990-2002.

图/表 9

图1

图2

表1

表2

表3

表4

达到营养摄入推荐量所需的年度现金/食物补贴数额——以营养素的收入弹性计算（元/人）

	卡路里	蛋白质	不溶性纤维	维生素A	钙	钾
低收入家庭摄入量NUT	2112.6	60.8	8.5	201.8	210.8	1266.9
推荐摄入量	2250.0	65.0	30.0	800.0	800.0	2000.0
与推荐摄入量差异ΔNUT	137.4	4.2	21.5	598.2	589.2	733.1
年度现金补贴数额ΔI	560.3	783.5	14588.1	24016.3	23483.7	4123.6
年度食物补贴数额 $∆ I rf, 0.600$	350.2	489.7	9117.5	15010.2	14677.3	2577.3
年度食物补贴数额 $∆ I rf, 1.000$	210.1	293.8	5470.5	9006.1	8806.4	1546.4

表4

表5

表6

表7

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食物种类	消费量	食物种类	消费量	食物种类	消费量
谷薯类	466.4（333.3）	畜肉类及制品	49.1（55.7）	奶类及制品	12.4（40.6）
蔬菜及菌藻类	319.9（182.3）^(a)	禽肉类及制品	8.3（18.1）	饮料及酒类	33.2（57.8）
干豆类及坚果	45.6（70.0）^(b)	水产品	9.7（14.6）	油脂类	36.6（34.3）
水果类及制品	42.7（65.9）	蛋类及制品	20.2（25.1）	调味品	10.6（13.5）

营养素及摄入量单位	摄入量	充足程度/%	营养素及摄入量单位	摄入量	充足程度/%
卡路里/kcal	2112.6（1252.7）	94.9（57.4）	不溶性纤维/g	8.5（6.6）	29.9（24.2）^(a)
蛋白质/g	60.8（37.7）	93.1（58.9）	维生素A/ug	201.8（187.6）	23.0（22.0）
脂肪/g	68.6（51.0）	28.7（14.7）	钙/mg	210.8（142.4）	25.5（17.7）
碳水化合物/g	320.5（215.3）	60.1（14.4）	钾/mg	1266.9（791.0）	62.2（39.7）

营养素	2012—2018年（CRMD数据）				2004—2011年（CHNS数据）
营养素	FE	IV-FE	DM test	Sargan test	FE	IV-FE	DM test	Sargan test
卡路里	0.010	0.158***	0.000	3.736	0.009	0.151*	0.043	14.938
	(0.012)	(0.039)			(0.007)	(0.086)
蛋白质	0.011	0.120***	0.004	5.335	0.019^**	0.216**	0.001	1.691
	(0.012)	(0.040)			(0.008)	(0.099)
脂肪	0.038**	0.155***	0.018	1.592	0.023*	0.277*	0.062	0.607
	(0.017)	(0.052)			(0.013)	(0.147)
碳水化合物	0.006	0.194***	0.000	6.547	0.010	0.141	0.052	1.137
	(0.016)	(0.048)			(0.007)	(0.090)
不溶性纤维	0.009	0.236***	0.000	3.095	0.002	0.330**	0.000	0.550
	(0.016)	(0.049)			(0.009)	(0.136)
维生素A	0.055**	0.168**	0.070	16.809	0.035**	0.225	0.177	6.776
	(0.022)	(0.066)			(0.016)	(0.167)
钙	0.018	0.162***	0.000	6.422	0.016	0.305**	0.003	8.795
	(0.016)	(0.043)			(0.011)	(0.128)
钾	0.019	0.191***	0.000	4.704	0.017**	0.259**	0.004	4.991
	(0.015)	(0.042)			(0.008)	(0.114)
弱工具变量检验		43.110				9.213

	食物种类	卡路里	蛋白质	不溶性纤维	维生素A	钙	钾
MPCF_f=0.375	稻米	192.7	275.0	14591.8	-	21151.3	3513.6
	小麦	193.7	199.0	6857.1	-	9962.5	1968.6
	其他谷物	242.1	312.0	3333.3	55089.3	9656.7	2030.2
	奶类及制品	2086.5	1334.0	-	22341.4	4814.9	5881.0
	蛋类及制品	862.8	291.0	-	2365.5	8922.1	3068.0
	调味品	2259.8	966.5	9337.4	13819.3	6074.9	1919.9
MPCF_f=0.600	稻米	120.4	171.8	9119.9	-	13219.6	2196.0
	小麦	121.1	124.4	4285.7	-	6226.6	1230.4
	其他谷物	151.3	195.0	2083.3	34430.8	6035.5	1268.9
	奶类及制品	1304.0	833.7	-	13963.4	3009.3	3675.6
	蛋类及制品	539.2	181.9	-	1478.4	5576.3	1917.5
	调味品	1412.4	604.1	5835.9	8637.0	3796.8	1199.9
MPCF_f=1.000	稻米	72.2	103.1	5471.9	-	7931.8	1317.6
	小麦	72.6	74.6	2571.4	-	3736.0	738.2
	其他谷物	90.8	117.0	1250.0	20658.5	3621.3	761.3
	奶类及制品	782.4	500.2	-	8378.0	1805.6	2205.4
	蛋类及制品	323.5	109.1	-	887.1	3345.8	1150.5
	调味品	847.4	362.5	3501.5	5182.2	2278.1	719.9

食物种类	计量方式	主粮补贴（1）	主粮补贴（2）	副食补贴（1）	副食补贴（2）	主副食补贴（1）	主副食补贴（2）	主副食补贴（3）	主副食补贴（4）
小麦	食物数量/kg	19.2	-	-	-	9.6	-	9.6	-
	年度补贴金额/（元/人）	198.9	-	-	-	99.5	-	99.5	-
	年度补贴金额/（元/人）	119.4	-	-	-	59.7	-	59.7	-
		74.6	-	-	-	37.3	-	37.3	-
稻米	食物数量/kg	-	26.8	-	-	-	13.4	-	13.4
	年度补贴金额/（元/人）	-	275.6	-	-	-	137.5	-	137.5
	年度补贴金额/（元/人）	-	165.4	-	-	-	82.5	-	82.5
		-	103.1	-	-	-	51.6	-	51.6
蛋类	食物数量/kg	-	-	46.8	-	23.4	23.4	11.7	11.7
	年度补贴金额/（元/人）	-	-	862.7	-	431.3	431.3	215.7	215.7
	年度补贴金额/（元/人）	-	-	517.6	-	258.8	258.8	129.4	129.4
		-	-	323.5	-	161.8	161.8	80.9	80.9
奶类	食物数量/kg	-	-	-	54.8	-	-	13.7	13.7
	年度补贴金额/（元/人）	-	-	-	2086.4	-	-	521.6	521.6
	年度补贴金额/（元/人）	-	-	-	1251.8	-	-	313.0	3123.0
		-	-	-	782.4	-	-	195.6	195.6
加总	食物数量/kg	19.2	26.8	46.8	54.8	33.0	36.8	35.0	38.8
	年度补贴金额/（元/人）	198.9	275.6	862.7	2086.4	530.8	568.8	836.8	874.8
	年度补贴金额/（元/人）	119.4	165.4	517.6	1251.8	318.5	341.3	502.1	524.9
		74.6	103.1	323.5	782.4	199.1	213.4	313.8	328.1