社区发展研究进展与启示

doi:10.18402/resci.2021.09.15

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

社区是国家公园建设的重要组成部分。本文以“Web of Science 核心合集”为基础数据库,对国家公园社区发展研究领域的文献进行系统分析和重点凝练,评论现有研究主题、核心内容和主要经验,并提出中国国家公园社区发展研究框架。结果表明：①国家公园社区发展研究可划分为萌芽阶段（1990年以前）、起步阶段（1991—1999年）和快速发展阶段（2000—2019年）;②研究成果集中在国家公园社区感知与态度的影响因素、社区与国家公园生态旅游发展、国家公园社区冲突与协调、国家公园社区管理模式4个方面。鉴于中国国家公园体系的类型多样化、地域多样化、经济发展阶段多样化等基本国情,本文认为中国国家公园社区发展研究要围绕人地关系矛盾的突出问题,重点研究社区对国家公园建设的认知与态度、国家公园社区参与模式与机制、国家公园社区的类型识别与可持续动力路径、国家公园社区管理与调控策略,在研究方法上进行集成和优化,以形成对中国国家公园社区可持续发展有益的研究体系。

关键词: 国家公园, 社区发展, 社区态度, 生态旅游, 社区冲突, 社区管理, 研究框架

Abstract:

Community is an important part of national park construction. Based on the Web of Science Core Collection database, this study conducted a systematic analysis of the literature on national park community research as well as its key content, and put forward a research framework of national park community development in China. The results show that the research on the community development of national parks can be divided into the embryonic stage (before 1990), the initial stage (1991-1999), and the rapid development stage (since 2000). Furthermore, the research mainly focuses on four aspects, including the influencing factors of community perception and attitude, ecotourism development and community, conflict and coordination between communities and parks, as well as community management models. Under the background of diversification of national park types, geographic types, and economic development stages, research on national park community development in China should focus on the prominent problems of conflict between human and land. Lessons should be drawn from research on national park community, and the key issues should focus on the cognition and attitude towards the construction of national parks, community participation models and mechanism of national parks, identification of the types of national park community and their sustainability drivers and paths, and the management as well as the development strategy of national park community. At the same time, the research methods should be integrated and optimized to establish a scientific system of sustainable community development in national parks.

Key words: national parks, community development, community attitude, ecological tourism, community conflict, community management, research framework

朱冬芳, 钟林生, 虞虎. 社区发展研究进展与启示[J]. 资源科学, 2021, 43(9): 1903-1917.

ZHU Dongfang, ZHONG Linsheng, YU Hu. Research progress of community development of national parks and implications[J]. Resources Science, 2021, 43(9): 1903-1917.

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国家公园社区管理模式类别

社区管理模式		主要特征
传统管理模式（Traditional conservation）		①管理机构：单一机构、单一责任,保护被视为政府责任;②管理方式：自上而下;③主要内容：野生动物权利优先于人类利益、社区无权进入公园、社区被隔离在公园之外;管理者与居民之间的关系是监督与被监督、惩罚与被惩罚关系;④代表性案例：美国黄石国家公园早期采用该模式
共同管理模式（Co- management）	社区参与管理	①管理机构：双重机构,政府为主,社区参与决策过程;②管理方式：自下而上;③主要内容：社区赋权、提升社区福利、强调居民参与;政府与社区居民相互信任;④代表性案例：越南巴赫马国家公园、日本日光国家公园、瑞典Fulufjallet国家公园、尼泊尔萨加玛塔国家公园、尼泊尔蓝塘国家公园等
共同管理模式（Co- management）	以社区为基础的管理	①管理机构：双重机构,社区为基础的管理机构,与政府共同管理;②管理方式：自下而上;③主要内容：权利下放至社区、实行社区保护策略、社区管理机构的建设、社区对资源的可持续使用、寻求保护与减贫间的平衡、政府与社区居民相互信任;④代表性案例：坦桑尼亚塞伦盖蒂国家公园、越南吉仙国家公园、尼泊尔奇特旺国家公园、印度尼西亚罗瑞林都国家公园、菲律宾伊格里特·巴科国家公园等
合作管理模式（Co-operative management）	协作式管理	①管理机构：多重管理机构,包括社区、市政、区域和传统当局等多个利益相关者;②管理方式：自下而上和自上而下相结合;③主要内容：社区被视为当地重要的利益相关者、注重提高社区应对未来挑战的能力和组织技能;④代表性案例：加拿大奥尤特克国家公园、新西兰尤瑞瓦拉国家公园等
	伙伴制	①管理机构：多重管理机构,包括社区、市政、区域和传统当局等多个利益相关者;②管理方式：自下而上和自上而下相结合;③主要内容：强调生态保护与居民社会经济需求之间的协调性,地方社区的社会经济成为保护工作的一部分;伙伴制管理模式主要适用于国家遗产区和遗产廊道区;④代表性案例：英国苏格兰凯恩戈姆斯国家公园、美国阿拉伯山国家遗产区域、美国基维诺国家历史公园等
	契约制	①管理机构：多重管理机构,包括社区、市政、区域和传统当局等多个利益相关者;②管理方式：自下而上和自上而下相结合;③主要内容：制定联合管理协议,土地所有权永远属于由社区组建的公有财产协会、社区保留土地的使用权;④代表性案例：南非克鲁格国家公园、南非里奇特斯费尔德国家公园等

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影响因素	具体表现
成本-收益因素	成本	社区搬迁、流离失所;传统资源使用、生计活动的限制;野生动物的破坏;管理者的处罚;服务设施使用的限制
成本-收益因素	收益	经济收益（发展生态旅游带来的收入）、非经济收益（生态系统服务、增加教育与游憩机会、野生动植物保护、增加就业、改善基础设施等）
空间限制性因素	离国家公园的距离	距离公园近,限制更严格,态度较为消极
社会文化因素	性别、年龄	通常与经济、社会、文化等其他因素相互作用
	职业	积极程度：非资源依赖型居民>资源依赖型居民
	土地占有量	积极程度：土地占有量多<土地占有量少
	受教育水平	社区态度通常与居民受教育程度呈正相关关系
	其他因素	文化习俗、地方依附性、公园管理制度、管理人员与社区的交流等