治理模式差异视角下的城市水资源系统全要素生产率

doi:10.18402/resci.2021.04.15

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

科学测算水资源系统全要素生产率,对保障城市水资源系统的可持续运行意义重大。本文构建了由“供水-用水-净水”3个子系统组成的城市水资源系统,基于网络RAM模型和两期Luenberger生产率指数,测算了2004—2016年中国95个城市分别在独立、综合和合作治理模式下的水资源系统生产率,对比分析了不同治理模式下其驱动因素和耦合效应的差异。研究发现：①从全样本层面来看,中国城市水资源系统生产率的年均增速较低,并按综合型模式（0.488%）、合作型模式（0.463%）、独立型模式（0.292%）的顺序依次递减,但其增长都来源于技术进步,并且主要来源于用水子系统的贡献。②通过治理模式识别后,发现大多数城市适合综合型治理模式,且水资源系统生产率指数也有显著提高。因此,科学测算不同治理模式下的城市水资源系统生产率,实施差异化的水资源系统管理政策,对推动城市水资源系统的可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。

关键词: 城市水资源系统, 网络RAM模型, 两期Luenberger生产率指数, 治理模式, 耦合效应, 水资源系统管理

Abstract:

Measuring the total factor productivity (TFP) of water resources system scientifically can facilitate the sustainable operation of urban water resources system. Based on the water supply-water use-water purification subsystems and using the network range adjusted measure (RAM) model and biennial Luenberger productivity index, this study calculated the TFP of water resources system in 95 cities of China from 2004 to 2016 under independent, comprehensive, and cooperative governance modes, and comparatively analyzed its driving factors and coupling effects under the three governance modes. At the full sample level, the annual TFP of urban water resources system in China is low, and it decreases successively in the order of comprehensive mode (0.488%), cooperative mode (0.463%), and independent mode (0.292%). However, its growth is derived from technological progress and mainly from the contribution of the water use subsystem. After the identification of governance mode, we found that most cities are suitable for the comprehensive governance pattern, and under such governance mode, the TFP of water resources system is also significantly improved. Therefore, scientifically measuring the TFP of urban water resources system under different governance modes and implementing differentiated management policies have important practical significance for promoting sustainable development of urban water resources system.

Key words: urban water resources system, network RAM model, biennial Luenberger productivity index, governance mode, coupling effect, water resources system management

王兵, 祝葶, 杜敏哲. 治理模式差异视角下的城市水资源系统全要素生产率[J]. 资源科学, 2021, 43(4): 813-822.

WANG Bing, ZHU Ting, DU Minzhe. Total factor productivity of urban water resources system from the perspective of governance mode differences[J]. Resources Science, 2021, 43(4): 813-822.

图/表 5

图1

表1

表2

表3

2003—2016年部分综合型城市的中间产品的年均松弛值"

城市	供水子系统的中间产出	用水子系统的中间投入	用水子系统的中间产出	净水子系统的中间投入	排名
城市	$e f 1 +$	$e f 2 -$	$e g 2 -$	$e g 3 +$
广州市	0.000	0.000	0.000	-384.286	1
上海市	0.000	0.000	0.000	-514.286	2
深圳市	0.000	0.000	0.000	-405.000	3
天津市	-2.065	2.078	45.179	-157.400	4
重庆市	-4.795	4.784	175.700	-276.269	5
南京市	-3.721	3.723	256.929	-275.714	6
大连市	0.000	0.000	0.000	-53.071	7
济南市	-0.951	0.946	27.460	-52.621	8
苏州市	0.000	0.000	0.000	-65.214	9
沈阳市	-1.206	1.207	180.650	-201.429	10
石家庄	-0.252	0.251	9.857	-18.109	11
宁波市	-2.307	2.304	0.118	-13.535	12
吉林市	-0.197	0.196	347.329	-348.929	13
烟台市	0.042	-0.041	-5.786	0.721	14
泉州市	0.000	0.000	0.000	-1.071	15

表3

表4

2003—2016年部分合作型城市的中间产品的年均松弛值"

城市	供水子系统的中间产出	用水子系统的中间投入	用水子系统的中间产出	净水子系统的中间投入	排名
城市	$e f 1 +$	$e f 2 -$	$e g 2 -$	$e g 3 +$	排名
北京市	-3.129	3.130	76.143	-76.429	1
武汉市	-5.379	5.375	309.429	-307.857	2
成都市	-3.049	3.062	191.714	-191.429	3
鞍山市	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	4
济宁市	0.059	-0.059	-8.229	8.326	5
郑州市	-1.086	1.099	55.129	-51.462	6
长沙市	-3.529	3.529	140.821	-140.286	7
洛阳市	-0.306	0.306	8.934	-8.935	8
齐齐哈尔市	0.024	-0.024	-2.286	2.290	9
徐州市	-0.206	0.207	-0.703	0.915	10
哈尔滨市	-1.392	1.378	61.191	-62.119	11
邯郸市	-0.106	0.106	5.631	-5.661	12
攀枝花市	-0.381	0.381	-7.475	7.344	13
石嘴山市	-0.054	0.054	3.586	-3.571	14
长春市	-1.174	1.179	28.929	-28.129	15

表4

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子系统	独立型			综合型			合作型
子系统	EC_D	TC_D	WBL_D	EC_H	TC_H	WBL_H	EC_C	TC_C	WBL_C
供水子系统	-0.065	0.052	-0.013	-0.030	0.382	0.352	-0.032	0.358	0.326
用水子系统	-0.050	0.653	0.603	-0.004	0.617	0.613	-0.006	0.614	0.608
净水子系统	-0.107	-0.014	-0.121	-0.000	0.501	0.500	0.008	0.446	0.454
水资源系统	-0.074	0.366	0.292	-0.012	0.500	0.488	-0.010	0.473	0.463

城市	水资源系统	供水子系统			用水子系统			净水子系统			排名
城市	WBL	WBL¹	EC¹	TC¹	WBL²	EC²	TC²	WBL³	EC³	TC³	排名
独立型城市
无锡市	2.509	-0.075	-0.387	0.312	1.033	0.000	1.033	6.568	1.565	5.002	1
青岛市	1.287	0.276	0.170	0.105	1.290	0.000	1.290	2.296	-0.406	2.702	2
珠海市	0.630	-0.075	-0.235	0.159	0.143	-0.206	0.348	1.820	0.320	1.501	3
本溪市	0.626	0.890	0.899	-0.008	0.959	0.000	0.959	0.028	0.098	-0.070	4
潍坊市	0.462	-0.147	-0.133	-0.014	0.776	0.000	0.776	0.757	-0.450	1.205	5
均值	0.458	-0.077	-0.163	0.086	0.472	-0.113	0.585	0.979	0.014	0.964	-
综合型城市
广州市	6.790	13.014	0.000	13.014	5.745	0.000	5.745	1.612	-0.002	1.614	1
上海市	5.634	6.642	0.000	6.642	6.884	0.000	6.884	3.377	-0.486	3.863	2
深圳市	3.858	2.429	-0.305	2.733	4.857	0.000	4.857	4.288	1.160	3.129	3
天津市	2.332	0.818	0.073	0.745	3.171	1.008	2.163	3.006	0.037	2.970	4
重庆市	1.816	0.269	0.267	0.001	1.017	0.586	0.429	4.161	-0.307	4.468	5
均值	0.627	0.593	0.047	0.546	0.715	0.010	0.705	0.572	0.050	0.522	-
合作型城市
北京市	3.752	0.910	-2.571	3.481	5.142	-0.627	5.770	5.202	-0.395	5.597	1
武汉市	1.410	-0.168	-0.267	0.099	1.037	0.397	0.640	3.360	0.498	2.862	2
成都市	1.258	0.057	0.105	-0.049	-0.077	-0.395	0.319	3.794	0.094	3.701	3
鞍山市	1.002	0.639	0.462	0.176	2.157	0.000	2.157	0.209	-0.140	0.351	4
济宁市	0.660	0.106	0.177	-0.072	0.399	0.112	0.287	1.475	0.880	0.595	5
均值	0.521	0.510	-0.061	0.571	0.575	0.030	0.545	0.476	0.035	0.442	-