煤基固废循环利用技术与产品链构建

doi:10.18402/resci.2021.03.03

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

煤基固废的大规模循环利用,对于中国西北大型能源基地的可持续发展和生态环境保护具有重要现实意义。本文以中国典型能源基地为研究对象,采用区域内固废、产业协同配置的思路,通过煤基固废制备化学品、环保材料、建材等关键技术开发,构建电石渣、气化渣、废催化剂等典型煤基固废循环利用关键产品链。结果表明：①电石渣、气化渣、废催化剂等煤基固废可通过杂质快速分离、矿相调控和载体重构等技术的耦合集成,制备性能良好的脱硫剂、水玻璃、催化剂等系列产品,直接用于区域内煤-电-化企业生产过程;②煤基固废中90%以上的钙、硅、铝得到有效利用,废催化剂中钒、钨、钛金属循环利用率超过90%,气化渣中残碳被有效分离利用。以上构建的循环产品链将煤炭、水资源利用效益分别提升36%和27%,3类典型固废综合利用率由28%提升至85%左右,为煤炭固废的大规模利用提供了新路径,从而可实现煤炭及其伴生/二次资源区域内的高效循环。

关键词: 煤基固废, 电石渣, 气化渣, 废催化剂, 产品链, 西北地区

Abstract:

： Large-scale recycling of coal-based solid waste has important practical significance for the sustainable development and ecological environment protection of the large-scale energy bases in northwestern China. In this study, the typical energy bases in northwestern China were taken as a research object. The principle of collaborative location of solid waste and industry in the region was applied in the analysis. Key technologies such as the use of coal-based solid waste to produce chemicals, environmental protection materials, and building materials were proposed. The key product chains of typical coal-based solid waste recycling such as calcium carbide slag, gasification slag, and spent catalysts were established. The results show that coal-based solid wastes such as calcium carbide slag, gasification slag, and spent catalyst can be used to prepare desulfurizers, water glass, catalysts, and other products with good performance through separation of impurities, phase control, and catalyst carrier refactoring. The products can be directly used in the production process of coal-electricity-chemical enterprises in the region. In the coal-based solid waste 90% of calcium, aluminum, and silicon can be effectively used, and the recycle rate of vanadium, wolfram, and titanium can reach over 90%. Residual carbon can be separated. The utilization efficiency of coal and water resources of the recycling product chain can be increased to 36% and 27%, respectively, which can reduce the emissions of three types of typical solid waste by more than 98%. The process can provide a new way for large-scale utilization of solid waste, and can realize the high efficiency utilization of coal and secondary resources in coal energy bases.

Key words: coal-based solid waste, calcium carbide slag, gasification slag, spent catalyst, product chain, northwestern China

李会泉, 胡应燕, 李少鹏, 李强, 朱干宇, 张建波, 王兴瑞. 煤基固废循环利用技术与产品链构建[J]. 资源科学, 2021, 43(3): 456-464.

LI Huiquan, HU Yingyan, LI Shaopeng, LI Qiang, ZHU Ganyu, ZHANG Jianbo, WANG Xingrui. Recycling and product chain of coal-based solid waste[J]. Resources Science, 2021, 43(3): 456-464.

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固废名称	来源	产生情况	主要元素	主要物质
粉煤灰	电厂/锅炉	>1200℃,急冷	Al、Si、Fe、Ca、Li、Ga	玻璃相、莫来石/刚玉、铁质微珠
煤矸石	煤炭开采/洗选	常温、分选	Al、Si、Fe、Ca、Li、Ga	高岭土、炭
电石渣	电石制备乙炔/发生炉	80~90℃,3~15 KPa	Ca、Al、Si、Mg	氢氧化钙、氧化硅
气化渣	煤气化/气化炉	>1200℃,急冷	C、Al、Si、Fe、Ca、Li、Ga	玻璃相
废SCR催化剂	电厂/煤气化脱硝	350℃	Ti、W、V	二氧化钛
脱硫石膏	电厂脱硫	50~90℃	Ca、S	硫酸钙、氢氧化钙、碳酸钙

组成	脱硫剂产品/%	应用指标/%
CaO	52.61	49.00
SiO₂	1.72	2.50
MgO	0.11	1.00
Cl	0.06	0.06
含水	27.20	30.00

组成	TiO₂	WO₃	V₂O₅	SiO₂	CaO	Al₂O₃
质量分数/%	90.90	4.23	0.53	2.09	0.78	0.54
组成	SO₃	Fe₂O₃	Cl	K₂O	As₂O₃
质量分数/%	0.46	0.41	0.01	0.03	0.02

流程	组分	TiO₂(wt %)	WO₃(wt %)	V₂O₅(wt %)
输入	废SCR催化剂	100.00	100.00	100.00
输出	钛钨载体	96.15	33.29	0.33
	钨酸盐	0.00	63.55	0.00
	钒酸盐	0.00	0.00	93.55
	排污	3.03	0.55	0.15
	尾渣	0.82	2.61	5.97

	输入输出相关指标						循环经济效益指标
	主要资源能源消耗			产品产出		固废输出	伴生组分利用效益	水资源利用效益	典型固废综合输出率
	煤炭(资源)	煤炭(能源)	水	脱硫剂	水玻璃+净水剂		伴生组分利用效益	水资源利用效益	典型固废综合输出率
基准情景	60万t	65万t	520万t	-	-	76万t	1260 元/t煤炭	300 元/t水	28%
技术应用情景	60万t	63万t	550万t	25万t	35万t	1万t	1720 元/t煤炭	380 元/t水	85%
技术应用效益	-	-	-	-	-	-	+36%	+27%	+57%