南水北调中线核心水源区土壤氟空间变异特征与污染风险评价

doi:10.18402/resci.2021.02.14

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文以生态环境脆弱的南水北调中线核心水源区为研究对象,运用GIS与地统计学相结合的方法以及污染风险评估模型,定量揭示了研究区土壤氟元素含量的空间变异特征、分布格局和污染风险等级。结果表明： ①研究区土壤氟元素含量整体偏高,具有较明显的空间自相关性,表层土壤氟密度呈现从西向东、从南向中北部逐渐增加的趋势,并在中东部的南阳市淅川县仓房镇和丹江口市石鼓镇出现明显的单核聚集,与该区域地层岩性及成土母质特征对应;而土壤氟净增量状况则表明大部分地区氟含量都与后期人类活动有关;②氟环境污染程度具有较明显的区域分异性,根据地累计指数特性,表明除丹江口市习家店镇和嵩坪镇受成土母质等结构性因素制约外,其余地区多为人类活动造成的环境污染所致;③潜在生态风险程度表现为低风险区主要分布在研究区的西部和南部,中等风险区主要集中在中东部和北部。少量分布的高等风险区应引起重视,如淅川县盛湾镇东部、仓房镇西部以及丹江口市嵩坪镇和石鼓镇。研究结果旨在为土壤氟环境改善、库区饮用水安全保障等提供数据和技术支撑,同时也给当地土壤修复治理、确保优质清水北调提供决策依据。

关键词: 核心水源区, 土壤, 氟, 空间变异特征, 环境污染状况, 生态风险评价, 南水北调中线

Abstract:

In order to provide important data and technical support for improving local soil fluorine environment and ensuring water safety in reservoir area, it also provides decision-making basis for local soil remediation and ensure high-quality water diversion to the north, this study quantitatively analyzed the spatial distribution and pollution risk of soil fluorine in the core area of the Middle Route of the South- to- North Water Transfer Project with fragile ecological environment by using the methods of GIS and geostatistics and pollution risk assessment models. The results show that: (1) The soil fluorine content was on the high side and showed clear spatial autocorrelation in the study area. The fluorine density of topsoil increased gradually from west to east and south to middle north, and obviously peaked in Cangfang Town, Xichuan County and Shigu Town, Danjiangkou City in the central eastern part, which was corresponding to the characteristics of regional stratigraphic lithology and soil parent material. Combined with information on the net increment of soil fluorine, it was concluded that the fluorine content in most areas was related to human activities. (2) The degree of fluorine pollution showed obvious regional differentiation, which was mostly resulted from environmental pollution caused by human activities according to the characteristics of geoaccumulation index, except that Xijiadian Town and Songping Town of Danjiangkou City were restricted by structural factors such as soil parent material. (3) The degree of potential ecological risk indicates that level A was mainly distributed in the west and the south of the study area, and level B was concentrated in the central, eastern, and northern parts. The areas with the highest ecological risk were the east of Shengwan Town and the west of Cangfang Town in Xichuan County, Songping Town and Shigu Town in Danjiangkou City.

Key words: core water source area, soil, fluorine, spatial variability, environmental pollution, ecological risk assessment, Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project

谭力, 王占岐, 薛志斌, 杨斌. 南水北调中线核心水源区土壤氟空间变异特征与污染风险评价[J]. 资源科学, 2021, 43(2): 368-379.

TAN Li, WANG Zhanqi, XUE Zhibin, YANG Bin. Spatial variability and pollution risk assessment of soil fluorine in the core area of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project[J]. Resources Science, 2021, 43(2): 368-379.

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地类名称	面积/km2	占比/%
耕地	1176.81	19.54
园地	410.74	6.82
林地	2915.54	48.41
草地	103.59	1.72
商服用地	52.41	0.87
工矿仓储用地	128.28	2.13
住宅用地	171.04	2.84
公共管理与公共服务用地	40.95	0.68
特殊用地	16.86	0.28
交通运输用地	37.34	0.62
水域及水利设施用地	930.49	15.45
其他土地	38.54	0.64
合计	6022.59	100.00

检测项目	检测方法	主要仪器设备	检出限
pH	NY/T 1377-2007	多参数水质分析仪 HQ30D	—
全氮	凯氏法 HJ 717-2014	容量瓶	48.00 mg/kg
总磷	碱熔-钼锑抗分光光度法 HJ 632-2011	可见分光光度计 722	10.00 mg/kg
全氟	选择性离子电极法（ISE）GB/T 22104-2008	氟离子选择电极	25.00 mg/kg
铬	电感耦合等离子体质谱法 HJ 766-2015	电感耦合等离子体发射质谱仪 NexION 350D	1.00 mg/kg
镍	电感耦合等离子体质谱法 HJ 766-2015	电感耦合等离子体发射质谱仪 NexION 350D	1.90 mg/kg
铜	电感耦合等离子体质谱法 HJ 766-2015	电感耦合等离子体发射质谱仪 NexION 350D	1.20 mg/kg
锌	电感耦合等离子体质谱法 HJ 766-2015	电感耦合等离子体发射质谱仪 NexION 350D	3.20 mg/kg
砷	微波消解/原子荧光法 HJ 680-2013	原子荧光光度计 AFS-8510	0.50 mg/kg
镉	电感耦合等离子体质谱法 HJ 766-2015	电感耦合等离子体发射质谱仪 NexION 350D	0.60 mg/kg
铅	电感耦合等离子体质谱法 HJ 766-2015	电感耦合等离子体发射质谱仪 NexION 350D	2.10 mg/kg
硒	微波消解/原子荧光法 HJ 680-2013	原子荧光光度计 AFS-8510	0.60 mg/kg
汞	微波消解/原子荧光法 HJ 680-2013	原子荧光光度计 AFS-8510	0.002 mg/kg

地累计指数I_geo	I_geo≤0	0<I_geo≤1	1<I_geo≤2	2<I_geo≤3	3<I_geo≤4	4<I_geo≤5	I_geo>5
级别	0	1	2	3	4	5	6
污染程度	无污染	无-中度污染	中度污染	中度-重度污染	重度污染	重度-严重污染	严重污染

	项目	样品数	氟含量/（mg/kg）					变异系数/%	偏度	峰度
	项目	样品数	最大值	最小值	中值	平均值	标准差	变异系数/%	偏度	峰度
原数据	表层	7735	4760.80	133.00	565.80	593.72	222.66	37.50	3.978	37.920
原数据	底层	88	1166.00	200.30	570.10	574.79	175.16	30.47	0.917	1.505
处理后	表层	7735	1260.00	133.00	565.80	586.83	182.20	31.05	1.325	2.994
处理后	底层	88	983.50	200.30	570.10	571.32	165.19	28.91	0.593	0.413

土壤类型	面积/km2	占比/%
潮土	12.01	0.20
粗骨土	913.09	15.16
红黏土	44.88	0.75
黄褐土	876.16	14.55
黄棕壤	2147.80	35.66
石质土	237.71	3.95
石灰（岩）土	421.08	6.99
水稻土	112.81	1.87
紫色土	326.56	5.42