珠江三角洲基塘系统演化及生态修复策略——以佛山4村为例

doi:10.18402/resci.2021.02.11

资源科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (2): 328-340.doi: 10.18402/resci.2021.02.11

珠江三角洲基塘系统演化及生态修复策略——以佛山4村为例

陈彩霞¹^,²^,⁴(), 黄光庆¹^,²^,⁴(), 叶玉瑶², 赵玲玲², 金利霞², 刘旭拢²^,³

1.中国科学院广州地球化学研究所,广州 510640
2.广东省科学院广州地理研究所广东省地理空间信息技术与应用公共实验室,广州 510070
3.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室（广州）,广州 511458
4.中国科学院大学,北京 100049

收稿日期:2020-03-16 修回日期:2020-10-03 出版日期:2021-02-25 发布日期:2021-04-25
通讯作者: 黄光庆
作者简介:陈彩霞,女,广东揭东人,博士生,助理研究员,研究方向为区域环境与规划。E-mail: ibrave-xia@foxmail.com
基金资助:
广东省促进经济发展专项资金(现代渔业发展用途)项目(粤农2019B1);广东省自然科学基金项目(2019A1515011120);南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州)人才团队引进重大专项(GML2019ZD0301)

Change and ecological restoration of the dike-pond system in the Pearl River Delta: A case study of four villages in Foshan City

CHEN Caixia¹^,²^,⁴(), HUANG Guangqing¹^,²^,⁴(), YE Yuyao², ZHAO Lingling², JIN Lixia², LIU Xulong²^,³

1. Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guangzhou 510640, China
2. Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
3. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
4. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Received:2020-03-16 Revised:2020-10-03 Online:2021-02-25 Published:2021-04-25
Contact: HUANG Guangqing

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

珠江三角洲基塘系统是中国重要农业文化遗产,其宏观格局变化已广受关注,但微观村落层面的研究还未得到足够重视。本文构建了珠江三角洲基塘系统演化概念性分析框架,以佛山市西桥社区、南金村、青田村、仕版村为例,采用实地调研与半结构式访谈,分析基塘系统的演化过程、特征与机制。研究结果表明：①基塘系统已由原有种养结合转为单一高密度养殖塘,但邻近村居聚落的基塘系统与生活空间紧密结合,形成生态景观塘、菜基鱼塘等;②城镇化、工业化背景下村集体经济组织和农户“经济效益至上”的经营管理模式是基塘系统演化的内在动力;③转变基塘经营模式,发挥基塘综合效益,合理治理基塘与城乡空间的交错地带,与基塘农业文化遗产及乡村文化保育相结合,是实施基塘系统生态修复的关键。本文结果有助于揭示重要农业文化遗产动态演变规律,可为珠江三角洲农业可持续发展、国土空间规划提供理论依据。

关键词: 桑基鱼塘, 基塘农业, 重要农业文化遗产（IAHS）, 水乡聚落, 生态修复, 演化, 珠江三角洲

Abstract:

The dike-pond system (DPS) has been recognized as a China Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems site. Its macro pattern changes have been widely concerned, but the micro village level research has not been paid enough attention. This study constructed an analytical framework for the qualitative analysis of change of the DPS. Taking Xiqiao, Nanjin, Qingtian, and Shiban Villages in Foshan City as examples, field research and semistructured interviews were used to analyze the process, characteristics, and mechanism of change of the DPS. The results show that the DPS has changed from the original combination of planting and breeding to a high density pond system. However, the DPS was closely combined with the living space of the nearby village settlements, forming ecological landscape pond, vegetable dike-fish pond, and so on. Under the background of urbanization and industrialization, the operation and management of rural collective economic organizations and farmers that prioritize economic benefits is the internal driver of the DPS change. Changing the operation mode of the DPS, giving full play to the comprehensive benefits of the system, reasonably managing the interface between DPS and urban-rural space, and combining with the conservation of agricultural and cultural heritage and rural culture of DPS are crucial for realizing the ecological restoration of the DPS in the Pearl River Delta. This study can provide some theoretical basis for the the sustainable development of agriculture and territorial spatial planning of the Pearl River Delta.

Key words: mulberry dike-fish pond system, dike-pond agriculture, Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS), water village settlements, ecological restoration, change, Pearl River Delta

陈彩霞, 黄光庆, 叶玉瑶, 赵玲玲, 金利霞, 刘旭拢. 珠江三角洲基塘系统演化及生态修复策略——以佛山4村为例[J]. 资源科学, 2021, 43(2): 328-340.

CHEN Caixia, HUANG Guangqing, YE Yuyao, ZHAO Lingling, JIN Lixia, LIU Xulong. Change and ecological restoration of the dike-pond system in the Pearl River Delta: A case study of four villages in Foshan City[J]. Resources Science, 2021, 43(2): 328-340.

图/表 11

图1

表1

表2

图2

图3

表3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

参考文献 35

[1]	Roger R B L. A re-boot of tropical agriculture benefits food production, rural economies, health, social justice and the environment[J]. Nature Food, 2020,1:260-265. doi: 10.1038/s43016-020-0076-z
[2]	孙玉芳, 李想, 张宏斌, 等. 农业景观生物多样性功能和保护对策[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2017,25(7):993-1001.
	[Sun Y F, Li X, Zhang H B, et al. Functions and countermeasures of biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes: A review[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2017,25(7):993-1001.]
[3]	钟功甫, 邓汉增, 王增骐, 等. 珠江三角洲基塘系统研究[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1987.
	[Zhong G F, Deng H Z, Wang Z Q, et al. Research on Dike-pond System in the Pearl River Delta[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1987.]
[4]	赵绍祺, 杨智雄. 珠江三角洲堤围水利与农业发展史[M]. 广州: 广东人民出版社, 2011.
	[Zhao S Q, Yang Z X. Development History of Dike Water Conservancy and Agriculture in the Pearl River Delta[M]. Guangzhou: Guangdong People’s Publishing House, 2011.]
[5]	周晴, 赵玲玲, 吴康敏, 等. 珠江三角洲传统农业洪潮适应开发模式与生态文明经验[J]. 热带地理, 2019,39(5):701-710. doi: 10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.003187
	[Zhou Q, Zhao L L, Wu K M, et al. The local and traditional development model and historical experience of the ecological civilization based on flooding adaption in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area[J]. Tropical Geography, 2019,39(5):701-710.]
[6]	吴建新. 明清广东的农业与环境: 以珠江三角洲为中心[M]. 广州: 广东人民出版社, 2012.
	[Wu J X. Agriculture and Environment of Guangdong in Ming and Qing Dynasties: Centered on the Pearl River Delta[M]. Guangzhou: Guangdong People’s Publishing House, 2012.]
[7]	刘通, 程炯, 苏少青, 等. 珠江三角洲桑基鱼塘现状及创新发展研究[J]. 生态环境学报, 2017,26(10):1814-1820.
	[Liu T, Cheng J, Su S Q, et al. Current situation and innovative development countermeasures of the mulberry dike-fish pond in the Pearl River Delta[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2017,26(10):1814-1820.]
[8]	王思远, 廖森泰, 邹宇晓, 等. 珠江三角洲地区桑基鱼塘的传承保护与创新发展[J]. 蚕业科学, 2019,45(6):909-914.
	[Wang S Y, Liao S T, Zou Y X, et al. Protection and development of mulberry-dike and fish-pond system in the Pearl River Delta[J]. Acta Sericologica Sinica, 2019,45(6):909-914.]
[9]	顾兴国, 楼黎静, 刘某承, 等. 基塘系统: 研究回顾与展望[J]. 自然资源学报, 2018,33(4):709-720.
	[Gu X G, Lou L J, Liu M C, et al. Review and prospect of studies on the dike-pond system[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2018,33(4):709-720.]
[10]	闵庆文. 重要农业文化遗产及其保护研究的优先领域、问题与对策[J]. 中国生态农业学报(中英文), 2020,28(9):1285-1293.
	[Min Q W. Research priorities, problems and countermeasures of Important Agricultural Heritage Systems and their conservation[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2020,28(9):1285-1293.]
[11]	宫清华, 张虹鸥, 叶玉瑶, 等. 人地系统耦合框架下国土空间生态修复规划策略: 以粤港澳大湾区为例[J]. 地理研究, 2020,39(9):2176-2188.
	[Gong Q H, Zhang H O, Ye Y Y, et al. Planning strategy of land and space ecological restoration under the framework of man-land system coupling: Take the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area as an example[J]. Geographical Research, 2020,39(9):2176-2188.]
[12]	钟功甫. 珠江三角洲的“桑基鱼塘”: 一个水陆相互作用的人工生态系统[J]. 地理学报, 1980,35(3):200-209.
	[Zhong G F. Mulberry-dike-fish-pond on the Zhujiang Delta: A complete artificial ecosystem of land-water interaction[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1980,35(3):200-209.]
[13]	杨永泰. 珠江三角洲基塘农业生态持续发展问题和对策[J]. 广东农业科学, 1995, (5):14-16.
	[Yang Y T. Problems and countermeasures of the sustainable development of the agricultural ecology in the dike pond of the Pearl River Delta[J]. Guangdong Agricultural Sciences, 1995, (5):14-16.]
[14]	Lo C P. Environmental impact on the development of agricultural technology in China: The case of the dike-pond (‘Jitang’) system of integrated agriculture-aquaculture in the Zhujiang Delta of China[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 1996,60(2-3):183-195. doi: 10.1016/S0167-8809(96)01068-7
[15]	聂呈荣, 骆世明, 章家恩, 等. 现代集约农业下基塘系统的退化与生态恢复[J]. 生态学报, 2003,23(9):1851-1860.
	[Nie C R, Luo S M, Zhang J E, et al. The dike-pond system in the Pearl River Delta: Degradation following recent land use alterations and measures for their ecological restoration[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2003,23(9):1851-1860.]
[16]	赵玉环. 社会经济发展对珠江三角洲基塘系统的影响[J]. 仲恺农业技术学院学报, 2001,14(3):28-33.
	[Zhao Y H. The effect of scoeconomical development on the dike-pond system in Zhujiang Delta[J]. Journal of Zhongkai Agrotechnical College, 2001,14(3):28-33.]
[17]	黎丰收, 刘凯, 刘洋, 等. 基于WorldView-2数据的基塘系统遥感分类研究[J]. 湿地科学, 2018,16(5):587-596.
	[Li F S, Liu K, Liu Y, et al. Remote sensing classification for dike-pond system based on WorldView-2 Data[J]. Wetland Science, 2018,16(5):587-596.]
[18]	叶长盛. 珠江三角洲基塘变化特征及其空间类型[J]. 东华理工大学学报(自然科学版), 2013,36(3):315-322.
	[Ye C S. Change characteristics and spatial types of dike-pond in the Pearl River Delta[J]. Journal of East China University of Technology (Natural Science), 2013,36(3):315-322.]
[19]	赵家敏, 林媚珍, 龚建周, 等. 基于面向对象技术提取的顺德区基塘系统格局分析[J]. 生态科学, 2018,37(2):191-197.
	[Zhao J M, Lin M Z, Gong J Z, et al. Analysis on landscape pattern based on extraction of dike-pond ecosystem using object-oriented classification method in Shunde District[J]. Ecological Science, 2018,37(2):191-197.]
[20]	Li F S, Liu K, Tang H L, et al. Analyzing trends of dike-ponds between 1978 and 2016 using multi-source remote sensing images in Shunde District of South China[J]. Sustainability, 2018,10(10):3504-3504. doi: 10.3390/su10103504
[21]	萧炜鹏, 龚建周, 魏秀国. 1980-2015年中山市基塘景观时空变化及驱动因素[J]. 生态科学, 2019,38(6):64-73.
	[Xiao W P, Gong J Z, Wei X G. Spatio-temporal change and its driving factors of dike-pond landscape in Zhongshan, 1980-2015[J]. Ecological Science, 2019,38(6):64-73.]
[22]	韩然, 叶长盛. 珠江三角洲典型基塘生态系统服务价值演变: 以佛山市为例[J]. 热带地理, 2020,40(3):562-574.
	[Han R, Ye C S. Evolution of ecosystem service value of typical dike-pond in the Pearl River Delta: A case study of Foshan[J]. Tropical Geography, 2020,40(3):562-574.]
[23]	谢淑娟. 论人民公社时期的基塘农业: 以广东省顺德县北水大队为例[J]. 古今农业, 2007, (1):38-47.
	[Xie S J. Pond agriculture during the period of people’s commune: A case of Beishui production team of Guangdong Province[J]. Ancient and Modern Agriculture, 2007, (1):38-47.]
[24]	龚建周, 蒋超, 胡月明, 等. 珠三角基塘系统研究回顾及展望[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020,39(7):1236-1246.
	[Gong J Z, Jiang C, Hu Y M, et al. A review and prospect of research on the dike-pond system in the Pearl River Delta[J]. Progress in Geography, 2020,39(7):1236-1246.]
[25]	周新年, 杨锦坤, 王世福, 等. 从桑基鱼塘到工业园区的嬗变: 广东顺德的案例分析[J]. 城市规划, 2018,42(12):33-42.
	[Zhou X N, Yang J K, Wang S F, et al. Transformation from mulberry fish pond to industrial park: A case study of Shunde, Guangdong Province[J]. City Planning Review, 2018,42(12):33-42.]
[26]	梁肇宏, 范建红, 雷汝林. 基于空间生产的乡村”三生空间”演变及重构策略研究: 以顺德杏坛北七乡为例[J]. 现代城市研究, 2020, (7):17-24.
	[Liang Z H, Fan J H, Lei R L. Strategy research of spatial evolution and restructuring of rural production-living-ecological space from the perspective of spatial production: A case study of the north seven rural area of Xingtan in Shunde[J]. Modern Urban Research, 2020, (7):17-24.]
[27]	何思源, 李禾尧, 闵庆文. 农户视角下的重要农业文化遗产价值与保护主体[J]. 资源科学, 2020,42(5):870-880.
	[He S Y, Li H Y, Min Q W. Value and conservation actors of Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS) from the perspective of rural households[J]. Resources Science, 2020,42(5):870-880.]
[28]	寒江雪. 让基塘变成聚宝盆: 顺德市伦教镇基塘整治侧记[J]. 中外房地产导报, 2000, (3):19.
	[Han J X. Turning the dike pond into a treasure basin: Notes on the regulation of the foundation pond in Lunjiao Town, Shunde City[J]. Chinese and Foreign Real Estate Times, 2000, (3):19.]
[29]	樊杰. “人地关系地域系统”是综合研究地理格局形成与演变规律的理论基石[J]. 地理学报, 2018,73(4):597-607. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201804001
	[Fan J. “Territorial System of Human-environment Interaction”: A theoretical cornerstone for comprehensive research on formation and evolution of the geographical pattern[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018,73(4):579-607.]
[30]	顺德市地方志编纂委员会. 顺德县志[M]. 北京: 中华书局, 1996.
	[Shunde Local Chronicles Compilation Committee. Shunde County Records[M]. Beijing: Zhong Hua Book Company, 1996.]
[31]	南海市地方志编纂委员会. 南海县志[M]. 北京: 中华书局, 2000.
	[Nanhai Local Chronicles Compilation Committee. Nanhai County Records[M]. Beijing: Zhong Hua Book Company, 2000.]
[32]	李静. 揪心! 塘租最高超2万元/亩! 这里的养殖户进退两难 [N/OL]. (2017-11-01) [2020-03-16]. [ http://www.sohu.com/a/201719654_210667.
	[Li J. The Farmers Here are in a Dilemma When the Rent of Worry Pond Exceeds 20000 Yuan Per Mu [N/OL]. (2017-11-01) [2020-03-16]. [http://www.sohu.com/a/201719654_210667.]
[33]	刘乾甫, 赖子尼, 高原, 等. 珠江三角洲地区精养淡水鱼塘浮游植物功能群特征[J]. 中国水产科学, 2018,25(1):124-136.
	[Liu Q F, Lai Z N, Gao Y, et al. Characteristics of phytoplankton functional groups of intensive-culturing fishponds in the Pearl River Delta[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2018,25(1):124-136.]
[34]	Zhong Y H, Chen Z F, Dai X X, et al. Investigation of the interaction between the fate of antibiotics in aquafarms and their level in the environment[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2018,207:219-229. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.11.030 pmid: 29179111
[35]	Yung K K L, Leung H M H. The importance of developing sustainable eco-aquaculture in a coastal area of China[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2017,24(10):8891-8893. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-8688-z pmid: 28374196

村落	人口	经济	村落类型
西桥社区	户籍人口1800多人,外来人口4600多人	以工业为主导,现有工业企业89家,以家具、五金、制衣为主;全村共有鱼塘400亩	城镇建成区内村落
南金村	户籍人口6200人,外来人口4000多人	以工业和现代水厂养殖为主导,其中,工业门类以印刷、包装、五金电器、针织制衣等行业为主;全村共有鱼塘3000多亩,为沙头片区鱼塘面积最大的村	城镇边缘区村落
青田村	总人口800多人	纯农经营,以现代水厂养殖为主导;共有鱼塘面积580亩, 占全村总面积的84%	城镇外围村落
仕版村	户籍人口约3700人,外来人口约3300人	以工业、现代水厂养殖和花木种植为主,有工业企业45家,以机械制造、塑料制品、五金制品及建筑材料为主;全村鱼塘面积约3000亩	城镇建成区内村落

编号	日期	性别	年龄	身份	访谈时长
DF01	2019年5月30日	男	50多岁	村党支部书记	8′10″
DF02	2019年5月30日	男	40多岁	普通村干部	53′10″
DF03	2019年5月30日	男	40多岁	普通村干部	38′45″
DF04	2019年5月30日	男	50多岁	基塘承包农户	41′40″
DF05	2019年8月08日	男	60多岁	乡贤	45′00″
DF06	2019年8月08日	男	60多岁	基塘承包农户	49′54″
DF07	2019年10月29日	男	70多岁	基塘承包农户	17′10″

演化阶段	种养结构		塘基循环利用（种养）特征
演化阶段	塘鱼	基面	塘基循环利用（种养）特征
“桑（蔗）基鱼塘”衰落阶段（1980—1985年）	四大家鱼（草、鳙、鲢、鲮）	种植桑、果、蔗等经济作物	桑叶（蚕沙）→浮游动植物→四大家鱼→塘泥（水）→桑树
“草（菜、蔗）基鱼塘”过渡阶段（1985—1990年）	四大家鱼（草、鳙、鲢、鲮）	象草（饲草）、甘蔗、自给蔬果	象草→浮游动植物→四大家鱼→塘泥（水）→象草
“荒（菜）基鱼塘”特种鱼养殖探索阶段（1990—2000年）	桂花鱼、鳗鱼、鳜鱼等特种鱼,四大家鱼	撂荒、基面崩塌现象较为普遍	四大家鱼鱼仔→桂花鱼塘基无循环
“路基鱼塘”特种鱼养殖起步阶段（2000—2012年）	加州鲈鱼、乌鳢（生鱼）、鳗鱼、鳖（甲鱼）等特种鱼,四大家鱼	机耕路、排灌渠、草本野生植物	冰鲜鱼→加州鲈鱼塘基无循环
“路基鱼塘”特种鱼养殖成熟阶段（2013年以来）	加州鲈鱼、乌鳢（生鱼）、鳗鱼等特种鱼为主	机耕路、排灌渠、草本野生植物	膨化饲料→加州鲈鱼塘基无循环

珠江三角洲基塘系统演化及生态修复策略——以佛山4村为例

Change and ecological restoration of the dike-pond system in the Pearl River Delta: A case study of four villages in Foshan City

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

赞

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 11

参考文献 35

相关文章 15

Metrics

本文评价

推荐阅读 0

[1]	卢函, 杜德斌, 桂钦昌, 段德忠. 跨界水冲突、合作与全球水政治关系时空演化[J]. 资源科学, 2020, 42(6): 1162-1174.
[2]	刘晨光. 黄河流域专业村空间格局演化及影响因素[J]. 资源科学, 2020, 42(12): 2300-2313.
[3]	黄涛珍, 商波. 可再生能源配额考核监管与主体行为策略选择[J]. 资源科学, 2020, 42(12): 2393-2405.
[4]	张新, 刘家明, 朱鹤, 李涛. 北京郊区参与型体育旅游资源时空演化特征及影响因素[J]. 资源科学, 2020, 42(11): 2196-2209.
[5]	李文静,张朝枝. 基于路径依赖视角的旅游资源诅咒演化模型[J]. 资源科学, 2019, 41(9): 1724-1733.
[6]	李换换, 宋伟, 张艳. 农村居民点演化数据制备综述[J]. 资源科学, 2019, 41(4): 689-700.
[7]	包贵萍, 梁小亮, 梁颖, 耿槟, 徐保根. 南方红壤丘陵耕地生态修复补偿标准研究[J]. 资源科学, 2019, 41(2): 247-256.
[8]	马慧强, 高苹, 赵德宇, 席建超. 旅游目的地网络演化的空间过程及其影响因素研究——以野三坡旅游地为例[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(9): 1890-1900.
[9]	杜挺, 朱道林. 中国土地流转价格时空演化与宏观机制研究[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(11): 2202-2212.
[10]	高苹, 席建超. 旅游地乡村聚落产业集聚的时空演化及其驱动机制研究——野三坡旅游地苟各庄村案例实证[J]. 资源科学, 2017, 39(8): 1535-1544.
[11]	姚尧, 李江风, 胡涛, 杨媛媛, 丁镭. 中国城市NO₂浓度的时空分布及社会经济驱动力[J]. 资源科学, 2017, 39(7): 1383-1393.
[12]	姚成胜, 钱双双, 李政通, 梁龙武. 中国省际畜牧业碳排放测度及时空演化机制[J]. 资源科学, 2017, 39(4): 698-712.
[13]	宫俊霞, 邹滨, 刘兴权. 1990-2010年湘江流域城镇化过程时空分异特征[J]. 资源科学, 2016, 38(9): 1723-1732.
[14]	陈琳琳, 杨宇, 洪辉, 金凤君. 中国能源工业空间分布、基地识别与演变特征[J]. 资源科学, 2016, 38(12): 2256-5569.
[15]	刘志佳, 黄河清. 珠三角地区建设用地扩张与经济、人口变化之间相互作用的时空演变特征分析[J]. 资源科学, 2015, 37(7): 1394-1402.