中国地级单元旅游业发展效率格局及影响因素

doi:10.18402/resci.2021.01.15

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

旅游业发展效率是衡量区域内旅游业投入产出状况的重要指标。文章选取中国329个地级行政单元为研究对象,运用DEA模型对2018年旅游业发展效率进行综合测度,通过空间自相关、热点分析和地理探测器探究其空间格局及影响因素。结果表明：①中国旅游业发展效率综合效率高水平、较高水平、中等水平、较低水平及低水平地区分别占评价单元16.11%、17.93%、27.96%、26.75%和11.25%;纯技术效率区域差异明显,高水平地区主要分布于地势阶梯交界处、长三角城市群和珠三角城市群;规模效率空间上大致以“胡焕庸线”为界,表现为东南高而西北低;②旅游业发展效率存在空间自相关性,整体上呈现“大集聚小分散”特点。冷热点空间集聚特征明显,表现出“南热北冷”的特点,其中西南、华南、华东地区表现为高值集聚,华北、东北及西北地区表现为低值集聚。依据其发展水平和空间特征划分为辐射带动型、边缘依附型、整体提升型和优化提升型4种类型;③旅游业发展效率受多重因素影响,其中旅游发展质量、旅游服务水平及旅游资源质量为旅游业发展效率空间分异的主导因素,推动旅游业发展、提高旅游服务水平以及旅游资源利用转化率是提升旅游业发展效率的重要途径。本文通过探析中国地级单元旅游业发展效率的空间格局及影响因素,以期对旅游业提质增效、转型升级的有效路径及旅游发展资源的投入和利用水平的提升提供决策依据和理论支撑。

关键词: 旅游业发展效率, 综合测度, 热点分析, 地理探测器, 中国

Abstract:

The development efficiency of tourism is an important indicator of the input-output status of tourism in a region. This study used the data envelopment analysis (DEA) model and data from 329 prefectural-level administrative regions of China to comprehensively measure the development efficiency of tourism in 2018. Spatial autocorrelation, Getis-Ord Gi*, and geographical detector were used to explore the spatial pattern and influencing factors of tourism development efficiency. The main conclusions include: (1) Areas with high level, medium-high level, medium level, medium-low level, and low level of comprehensive tourism development efficiency accounted for 16.11%, 17.93%, 27.96%, 26.75%, and 11.25% of the evaluated administrative units respectively. There were clear regional differences in pure technical efficiency, and the high level areas were mainly distributed in the junction of the terrain ladders, the Yangtze River Delta city group, and the Pearl River Delta city group. In terms of scale efficiency, the division was roughly along the “Hu Line”, higher in the southeast and lower in the northwest. (2) The efficiency of tourism development showed spatial autocorrelation, characterized by “large agglomeration and small dispersion” on the whole. Cold and hot spots showed obvious spatial clustering characteristics hot in the south and cold in the north with southwest, South, and East China showing high value clustering, and North, Northeast, and northwest China showing low value clustering. According to the development level and spatial characteristics, tourism development efficiency can be divided into four types: radiation-driven, edge-dependent, overall promotion, and optimized promotion. (3) The efficiency of tourism development is affected by multiple factors, among which tourism service level, tourism development quality, and tourism resource endowments are the leading factors for the spatial differentiation of tourism development efficiency. Promoting tourism development and improving tourism service level and tourism resource use conversion rate are important ways to improve the efficiency of tourism development. By analyzing the spatial pattern and influencing factors of the tourism development efficiency of Chinese prefectural-level administrative units, we hoped to provide a decision-making basis and theoretical support for exploring the effective ways of improving the quality and efficiency of tourism, transforming and upgrading the tourism industry, and increasing the investment and utilization level of tourism development resources.

Key words: tourism development efficiency, comprehensive measurement, Getis-Ord $G^*_i$, geographical detector, China

纪晓萌, 秦伟山, 李世泰, 刘肖梅, 王秋贤. 中国地级单元旅游业发展效率格局及影响因素[J]. 资源科学, 2021, 43(1): 185-196.

JI Xiaomeng, QIN Weishan, LI Shitai, LIU Xiaomei, WANG Qiuxian. Development efficiency of tourism and influencing factors in China’s prefectural-level administrative units[J]. Resources Science, 2021, 43(1): 185-196.

图/表 5

表1

图1

表2

图2

表3

参考文献 37

[1]	陆保一, 明庆忠, 郭向阳, 等. 云南省旅游产业与生态文明建设耦合协调度时空差异研究[J]. 资源开发与市场, 2018,34(3):391-396.
	[ Lu B Y, Ming Q Z, Guo X Y, et al. Study on spatial and temporal differences of coupling coordination between ecological civilization construction and tourism industry in Yunnan Province[J]. Resource Development and Market, 2018,34(3):391-396.]
[2]	蒋莉, 邵海琴, 王凯. 中国旅游业效率及其影响因素的时空异质性研究[J]. 旅游研究, 2018,10(5):20-30.
	[ Jiang L, Shao H Q, Wang K. A research on space-time heterogeneity of tourism efficiency and influencing factors in China[J]. Tourism Research, 2018,10(5):20-30.]
[3]	孙盼盼, 夏杰长. 中国省际旅游产业效率的空间格局与空间效应: 基于质量产出的视角[J]. 经济与管理研究, 2017,38(10):61-70.
	[ Sun P P, Xia J C. Spatial pattern and spatial effect of provincial tourism industry efficiency in China: From the perspective of quality output[J]. Research on Economics and Management, 2017,38(10):61-70.]
[4]	Barros C P. Measuring efficiency in the hotel sector[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2005,32(2):456-477. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2004.07.011
[5]	Barros C P. Analysing the rate of technical change in the Portuguese hotel industry[J]. Tourism Economics, 2006,12(2):325-346. doi: 10.5367/000000006778493673
[6]	Morey R C, Dittman D A. Evaluating a hotel GM’s performance: A case study in bench marking[J]. The Cornell Hotel & Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 2016,44(5):53-59.
[7]	Tsaur S H. The operating efficiency of inbound tourist hotels in the Taiwan[J]. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 2000,6(1):29-37.
[8]	Barros C P, Matias A. Assessing the efficiency of travel agencies with a stochastic cost frontier: A Portuguese case study[J]. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2006,8(5):367-379. doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1522-1970
[9]	Fuentes R. Efficiency of travel agencies: A case study of Alicante, Spain[J]. Tourism Management, 2011,32(1):75-87. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2009.12.003
[10]	Ma X L, Ryan C, Bao J G. Chinese national parks: Differences, resource use and tourism product portfolios[J]. Tourism Management, 2009,30(1):21-30. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2008.04.006
[11]	马晓龙, 保继刚. 基于数据包络分析的中国主要城市旅游效率评价[J]. 资源科学, 2010,32(1):88-97.
	[ Ma X L, Bao J G. An evaluation on the efficiency of Chinese primary tourism cites based on the data envelopment analysis[J]. Resources Science, 2010,32(1):88-97.]
[12]	李瑞, 吴殿延, 殷红梅, 等. 2000年以来中国东部四大沿海城市群城市旅游业发展效率的综合测度与时空特征[J]. 地理研究, 2014,33(5):961-977. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201405014
	[ Li R, Wu D T, Yin H M, et al. Comprehensive measurement and spatial characteristics of development efficiency for urban tourism in eastern China: A case study of four coastal urban agglomerations[J]. Geographical Research, 2014,33(5):961-977.]
[13]	刘佳, 陆菊, 刘宁. 基于DEA-Malmquist模型的中国沿海地区旅游产业效率时空演化、影响因素与形成机理[J]. 资源科学, 2015,37(12):2381-2393.
	[ Liu J, Lu J, Liu N. Space-time evolution, influencing factors and forming mechanisms of tourism industry’s efficiency in China’s coastal area of based on DEA-Malmquist model[J]. Resources Science, 2015,37(12):2381-2393.]
[14]	吴媛媛, 宋玉祥. 中国东北地区旅游业效率时空格局演变及驱动因素[J]. 地域研究与开发, 2019,38(5):85-90.
	[ Wu Y Y, Song Y X. Spatio-temporal pattern evolution and driving factors of tourism efficiency in northeast China[J]. Areal Research and Development, 2019,38(5):85-90.]
[15]	王坤, 黄震方, 陶玉国, 等. 区域城市旅游效率的空间特征及溢出效应分析: 以长三角为例[J]. 经济地理, 2013,33(4):161-167.
	[ Wang K, Huang Z F, Tao Y G, et al. Study on spatial characteristics and spillover effects of urban tourism efficiency: A case of Yangtze River Delta[J]. Economic Geography, 2013,33(4):161-167.]
[16]	曹芳东, 黄震方, 徐敏, 等. 风景名胜区旅游效率及其分解效率的时空格局与影响因素: 基于Bootstrap-DEA模型的分析方法[J]. 地理研究, 2015,34(12):2395-2408.
	[ Cao F D, Huang Z F, Xu M, et al. Spatial-temporal pattern and influencing factors of tourism efficiency and the decomposition efficiency in Chinese scenic areas: Based on the Bootstrap-DEA method[J]. Geographical Research, 2015,34(12):2395-2408.]
[17]	曹芳东, 黄震方, 吴江, 等. 城市旅游发展效率的时空格局演化特征及其驱动机制: 以泛长江三角洲地区为例[J]. 地理研究, 2012,31(8):1431-1444.
	[ Cao F D, Huang Z F, Wu Jiang, et al. The space-time pattern evolution and its driving mechanism of urban tourism development efficiency: A case study of Pan-Yangtze River Delta[J]. Geographical Research, 2012,31(8):1431-1444.]
[18]	梁明珠, 易婷婷. 广东省城市旅游效率评价与区域差异研究[J]. 经济地理, 2012,32(10):158-164.
	[ Liang M Z, Yi T T. An evaluation and analysis of tourism efficiency in different cities and regions of Guangdong Province[J]. Economic Geography, 2012,32(10):158-164.]
[19]	马晓龙. 2000-2011年中国主要旅游城市全要素生产率评价[J]. 资源科学, 2014,36(8):1626-1634.
	[ Ma X L. Evaluation of tourism total factor productivity for Chinese primary cities from 2000 to 2011[J]. Resources Science. 2014,36(8):1626-1634.]
[20]	秦伟山, 张义丰, 李世泰. 中国东部沿海城市旅游发展的时空演变[J]. 地理研究, 2014,33(10):1956-1965. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201410015
	[ Qin W S, Zhang Y F, Li S T. Study on the spatio-temporal evolution of coastal city tourism of China[J]. Geographical Research. 2014,33(10):1956-1965.]
[21]	路春燕, 白凯. 中国省域入境旅游吸引力空间耦合关系研究[J]. 资源科学, 2011,33(5):905-911.
	[ Lu C Y, Bai Kai. Spatial coupling relationship of the attraction of provincial inbound tourism in China[J]. Resources Science, 2011,33(5):905-911.
[22]	张鹏, 于伟, 徐东风. 我国省域旅游业效率测度及影响因素研究: 基于SFA和空间Durbin模型分析[J]. 宏观经济研究, 2014, (6):80-85, 112.
	[ Zhang P, Yu W, Xu D F. Study on efficiency measurement and influencing factors of tourism in China’s provinces: Based on SFA and spatial Durbin model[J]. Macroeconomics. 2014, (6):80-85, 112.]
[23]	何昭丽, 孙慧, 张振龙. 中国入境旅游发展效率及其影响因素研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2017,40(6):1282-1289.
	[ He Z L, Sun H, Zhang Z L. Technical efficiency and influencing factors of China's inbound tourism[J]. Arid Land Geography. 2017,40(6):1282-1289.]
[24]	方叶林, 黄震方, 李经龙, 等. 中国省域旅游业发展效率测度及其时空演化[J]. 经济地理, 2018,35(8):189-195.
	[ Fang Y L, Huang Z F, Li J L, et al. The measurement of Chinese provincial tourism developing efficiency and its spatio-temporal evolution[J]. Economic Geography, 2018,35(8):189-195.] doi: 10.2307/142061
[25]	方叶林, 黄震方, 王芳, 等. 中国大陆省际旅游效率时空演化及其俱乐部趋同研究[J]. 地理科学进展, 2018,37(10):1392-1404. doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2018.10.009
	[ Fang Y L, Huang Z F, Wang F, et al. Spatiotemporal evolution of provincial tourism efficiency and its club convergence in the Chinese Mainland[J]. Progress in Geography, 2018,37(10):1392-1404.] doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2018.10.009
[26]	查建平, 钱醒豹, 赵倩倩, 等. 中国旅游全要素生产率及其分解研究[J]. 资源科学, 2018,40(12):2461-2474. doi: 10.18402/resci.2018.12.13
	[ Zha J P, Qian X B, Zhao Q Q, et al. Estimation and decomposition of total factors productivity of China’s tourism[J]. Resources Science, 2018,40(12):2461-2474.] doi: 10.18402/resci.2018.12.13
[27]	王劲峰, 徐成东. 地理探测器: 原理与展望[J]. 地理学报, 2017,72(1):116-134. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201701010
	[ Wang J F, Xu C D. Geodetector: Principle and prospective[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017,72(1):116-134.] doi: 10.11821/dlxb201701010
[28]	徐冬, 黄震方, 胡小海, 等. 浙江省县域旅游效率空间格局演变及其影响因素[J]. 经济地理, 2018,38(5):197-207.
	[ Xu D, Huang Z F, Hu X H, et al. The spatial pattern evolution and its influencing factors of county-scale tourism efficiency in Zhejiang Province[J]. Economic Geography, 2018,38(5):197-207.]
[29]	游诗咏, 林仲源, 韩兆洲. 广东省城市旅游效率的时空特征及其增长机制[J]. 资源科学, 2017,39(8):1545-1559. doi: 10.18402/resci.2017.08.11
	[ You S Y, Lin Z Y, Han Z Z. Spatial-temporal characteristics and growth mechanism of urban tourism efficiency in Guangdong Province[J]. Resources Science, 2017,39(8):1545-1559.] doi: 10.18402/resci.2017.08.11
[30]	韩瑛, 史庆斌, 冯文勇, 等. 山西省旅游业效率时空差异及影响因素研究[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2019,33(7):187-194.
	[ Han Y, Shi Q B, Feng W Y, et al. Temporal spatial differences of tourism industry efficiency and the influencing factors in Shanxi Province[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2019,33(7):187-194.]
[31]	时雨晴, 虞虎, 陈田, 等. 城市旅游效率演化阶段、特征及其空间分异效应: 以海南国际旅游岛为例[J]. 经济地理, 2015,35(10):202-209.
	[ Shi Y Q, Yu H, Chen T, et al. Evolutionary stages, characteristics and its spatial differentiation effect of urban tourism efficiency: A case from Hainan international tourism island[J]. Economic Geography, 2015,35(10):202-209.]
[32]	刘佳, 宋秋月. 中国旅游产业绿色创新效率的空间网络结构与形成机制[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2018,28(8):127-137.
	[ Liu J, Song Q Y. Space network structure and formation mechanism of green innovation efficiency of tourism industry in China[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2018,28(8):127-137.]
[33]	方叶林, 黄震方, 李经龙, 等. 中国省域旅游经济增长的时空跃迁及其趋同研究[J]. 地理科学, 2018,38(10):1616-1623. doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2018.10.005
	[ Fang Y L, Huang Z F, Li J L, et al. Space-time transition of tourism economic growth and its convergence in Chinese mainland[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2018,38(10):1616-1623.] doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2018.10.005
[34]	吴媛媛, 宋玉祥. 中国东北地区旅游业效率时空格局演变及驱动因素[J]. 地域研究与开发, 2019,38(5):85-90.
	[ Wu Y Y, Song Y X. Spatio-temporal pattern evolution and driving factors of tourism efficiency in northeast China[J]. Areal Research and Development, 2019,38(5):85-90.]
[35]	魏俊, 胡静, 朱磊, 等. 鄂皖两省旅游发展效率时空演化及影响机理[J]. 经济地理, 2018,38(8):187-195.
	[ Wei J, Hu J, Zhu L, et al. Spatial-temporal differentiation and influencing mechanism of tourism development efficiency in Hubei Province and Anhui Province[J]. Economic Geography, 2018,38(8):187-195.] doi: 10.1080/00130095.1962.11729589
[36]	中华人民共和国国家统计局. 中国城市统计年鉴2019[M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2019.
	[ National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China. China City Statistical Yearbook 2019[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2019.]
[37]	中华人民共和国国家旅游局. 中国旅游统计年鉴2019[M]. 北京: 中国旅游出版社, 2019.
	[ China National Tourism Administration. The Yearbook of China Tourism Statistics 2019[M]. Beijing: China Tourism Press, 2019.]

评价内容	指标类型	一级指标	二级指标	三级指标	单位
旅游发展效率	投入指标	资本要素	旅游固定资产投资	住宿和餐饮业、文化体育娱乐业固定资产投资之和	万元
			星级酒店数量	星级酒店数量	家
			旅行社数量	国内旅行社与国际旅行社数量	家
			旅游资源禀赋	4A级及以上景区,国家风景名胜区,国家级森林公园,国家湿地公园,国家自然保护区,旅游名城、名镇、名村,国家文化保护单位,非物质文化遗产,国家地质公园,世界遗产,旅游优秀城市数量加权求和
		劳动力要素	旅游从业人员	住宿和餐饮业、文化体育娱乐业从业人员数量之和	万人
	产出指标	效率产出	旅游接待人次	国内旅游接待人次与国际旅游接待人次之和	万人
	产出指标	效率产出	旅游收入	国内旅游收入与国际旅游收入之和	亿元

	经济发展水平	旅游产业结构	旅游发展质量		旅游资源质量	交通运输条件	旅游服务水平
	人均GDP	旅游业占服务业比重	地均旅游接待人次	人均旅游收入	4A级及以上景区占A级景区比重	客运量	星级旅行社占旅游社比重	星级酒店占酒店比重
综合效率q值	0.0122	0.0182	0.1763**	0.1896**	0.0146	0.0130	0.1608**	0.3255**
纯技术效率q值	0.0118	0.0180	0.0395*	0.0494*	0.1549**	0.0514*	0.0986**	0.1954**
规模效率q值	0.0507**	0.0216	0.4440**	0.5114**	0.1777**	0.1220**	0.1005**	0.1738**