涑水河流域土壤保持服务供需关系量化评估

doi:10.18402/resci.2020.12.15

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

土壤保持服务是一种重要的生态系统调节服务,其供需关系量化评估对流域环境管理具有重要意义。本文基于修正通用水土流失方程（RUSLE）计算涑水河流域土壤保持服务供给量,使用土壤侵蚀导致的单位面积土壤营养元素损失和水库库容损失价值之和计算需求,分析供需平衡状况和影响因素,并使用土壤保持服务居民满意度调查数据检验供需平衡分析结果。结果显示：①2000年和2015年土壤保持服务供给区主要分布于河流上游的中条山山区,土地利用以林地和草地为主,需求区主要分布于河流中下游的冲积平原,土地利用以旱地为主。②2000年和2015年供需平衡区分别占流域总面积的34.80%和76.27%,供需关系的改善主要受需求显著降低的影响,而需求降低主要受降雨侵蚀力减少的影响。本文揭示了涑水河流域土壤保持服务供需数量关系的时空特征和影响因素,可为流域的土地利用规划和自然资源管理等提供理论支撑。

关键词: 土壤保持服务, 供需平衡, 生态系统服务, 量化评估, 土地利用, 居民满意度, 涑水河流域

Abstract:

Soil conservation services is an important ecosystem regulation service. Quantitative assessment of the supply-demand relationship of soil conservation service may play a critical role in the environmental management of watershed. In this study, we calculated the supply of soil conservation service in the Sushui watershed using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), and quantified the demand of soil conservation service using the indicators of per unit soil nutrient loss and reservoir silt cleaning cost. Then we analyzed the relationship between supply and demand, which was validated by data from a questionnaire survey. Our results show that: (1) The supply area of soil conservation service was primarily distributed in the Zhongtiao Mountainous area in the upstream of the river, where the land-use types were mainly woodland and grassland. The demand area of soil conservation service was primarily distributed on alluvial plains in the middle and lower reaches of the river, where the land-use type was non-irrigated farmland. (2) The balanced area of supply and demand in 2000 and 2015 were 34.80% and 76.27% of the Sushui watershed area, respectively. The improvement of supply-demand relationship was due to the reduction of demand, which was mainly because of the decrease of rainfall erosivity. Our study revealed the status and influencing factors of the spatial and quantitative relationship between supply and demand, which could provide a theoretical support for land-use planning and natural resources management.

Key words: soil conservation service, supply-demand balance, ecosystem services, quantitative assessment, land use, residents' satisfaction, Sushui River Basin

杨丽雯, 王大勇, 王勇智, 梁泽, 吴舒尧, 李双成. 涑水河流域土壤保持服务供需关系量化评估[J]. 资源科学, 2020, 42(12): 2451-2462.

YANG Liwen, WANG Dayong, WANG Yongzhi, LIANG Ze, WU Shuyao, LI Shuangcheng. Quantitative assessment of the supply-demand relationship of soil conservation service in the Sushui River Basin[J]. Resources Science, 2020, 42(12): 2451-2462.

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数据名称	数据来源	计算方法
逐月降雨量数据	山西省气象信息中心	依据Wischmeier等^[37]方法计算并使用ArcGIS生成R因子图层
1：100万中国土壤类型图	寒区旱区科学数据中心（中国土壤特征数据集）^[38]	采用诺谟图^[37]模型计算土壤可蚀性因子K
1 km DEM	中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心^[39]	坡长L因子采用Wischmeier等^[40]的方法计算,坡度S因子采用McCool等^[41]和刘宝元等^[42]的方法计算
1 km植被覆盖图	寒区旱区科学数据中心（中国1：400万植被图数据集）^[43]	依据蔡崇法等^[44]提出的方法计算C因子值
1 km土地利用类型图	中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心^[39]	参照文献[45]确定研究区各种土地利用类型的P值

类型	2000年		2015年		2015年与2000年的差值
类型	供给区面积/km²	单位面积供给量/ （t/(km²·a)）	供给区面积/km²	单位面积供给量/（t/(km²·a)）	供给区面积变化量/km²	供给区面积变化率/%	单位面积供给量变化量/（t/(km²·a)）	单位面积供给量变化率/%
低供给区	338	46745.56	347	44668.59	9	2.66	-2076.97	-4.44
较低供给区	203	89162.56	283	73498.23	80	39.41	-15664.33	-17.57
中等供给区	147	89115.65	134	82089.55	-13	-0.09	-7026.09	-7.88
较高供给区	134	105223.88	131	96946.56	-3	-2.24	-8277.32	-7.87
高供给区	144	125694.44	78	121794.87	-66	-48.83	-3899.57	-3.10
合计	966	81987.58	973	71428.57	7	0.72	-10559.01	-12.88

分区	2000年		2015年		2015年与2000年的差值
分区	需求区面积/km²	单位面积需求量 /（万元/km²）	需求区面积/km²	单位面积需求量 /（万元/km²）	需求区面积变化量/km²	需求区面积变化率/%	单位面积需求量变化量/（万元/km²）	单位面积需求量变化率/%
低需求区	3097	5.54	3895	2.60	798	25.77	-2.94	-53.02
较低需求区	1183	14.10	477	6.77	-706	-59.68	-7.32	-51.94
中等需求区	89	25.80	100	9.08	11	12.36	-16.72	-64.81
较高需求区	25	31.61	0	—	-25	-100.00	-31.61	—
高需求区	75	47.49	0	—	-75	-100.00	-47.49	—
总需求区	4469	9.02	4472	3.17	3	0.07	-5.85	-64.85

县域名称	实际土壤侵蚀量/（t/(km²·a)）			降雨侵蚀力/（MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a)）			植被覆盖度/%
县域名称	2000年	2015年	变化比例/%	2000年	2015年	变化比例/%	2000年	2015年	变化比例/%
绛县	1402.98	341.62	-75.65	83.11	65.53	-21.15	40.56	40.80	0.59
闻喜县	1497.86	503.91	-66.36	70.26	36.68	-47.79	14.81	17.30	16.81
夏县	720.45	381.17	-47.09	57.87	60.79	5.05	20.92	20.52	-1.91
万荣县	579.79	128.15	-77.90	172.65	42.52	-75.37	8.14	8.14	0.00
临猗县	504.42	135.50	-73.14	67.11	41.66	-37.92	2.95	2.84	-3.72
盐湖区	978.22	456.05	-53.38	94.00	42.41	-54.88	15.28	15.37	0.59
永济市	213.57	245.47	14.94	51.06	61.73	20.90	22.80	22.80	0.00