经济增长、区域环境污染与环境规制有效性——基于京津冀地区的实证分析

doi:10.18402/resci.2020.12.07

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

环境污染和生态破坏属于市场失灵的一部分,需要政府采用环境规制工具对市场经济进行调整,但环境规制对环境污染和地区经济的影响又会受到自然条件的限制。为了剔除该限制,检验环境规制的有效性,本文以京津冀13个城市面板数据为例,通过构建包含生态环境状况和经济水平的区域生态效率体系,分析环境规制对区域生态效率的影响。研究表明：①与节能环保财政支出相比,环境不良企业监测对京津冀地区的区域生态效率起到显著正向促进作用,说明环境规制对区域生态效率的改善程度依赖于规制工具的选择,并且惩罚型环境规制工具对于京津冀地区的区域生态效率提升更为明显;②环境不良企业监测存在门限效应,随着其强度的增加,对京津冀地区区域生态效率的改善逐渐提升;并且伴随其强度的增加,也会引起节能环保财政支出对区域生态效率的负面影响逐渐降低。基于此,在污染较为严重的经济发达地区,采用严格的惩罚型环境规制工具,能够快速有效地提升该地区的生态环境状况,但在区域生态环境改善趋势明显时,应采取激励型为主、惩罚型为辅的环境规制工具运用策略,从而有效地兼顾地区经济增长与生态效率改善,实现区域生态环境与经济协调发展。

关键词: 环境规制, 区域生态效率, 经济增长, Super-SBM模型, 门限回归, 京津冀地区

Abstract:

Environmental pollution and ecological damage are part of market failures, which require the government to adopt regulatory tools to adjust, and the impacts of environmental regulation on environmental pollution and regional economy are limited by natural conditions. In order to remove this constraint and test the effectiveness of environmental regulation, this study took the panel data of 13 cities from the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region as an example, and analyzed the impacts of environmental regulation on regional ecological efficiency by constructing a regional ecological efficiency framework that includes the ecological environment and economic development level. The results show that: (1) Compared with the financial expenditure on energy conservation and environmental protection, the monitoring of enterprises with poor environmental performance plays a significant positive role in promoting regional ecological efficiency in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, indicating that the improvement of regional ecological efficiency depends on the choice of regulatory tools, and the punitive environmental regulatory tools of government monitoring type are useful for the improvement of regional ecological efficiency in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region; (2) There is a threshold effect in the monitoring of environmentally unhealthy enterprises. With the increase of monitoring intensity, the improvement of regional ecological efficiency in the region is gradually enhanced; meanwhile, the negative impacts of fiscal expenditure of energy conservation and environmental protection on regional ecological efficiency simultaneously decrease. Therefore, employing strict punitive environmental regulatory tools can rapidly and effectively improve the environment in economically developed areas with more serious pollution, yet once the environment is significantly improved, environmental regulatory tools should switch to mainly incentive types supplemented by punitive ones, so as to effectively give consideration to regional economic growth and ecological efficiency improvement, and realize the coordinated development of regional ecological environment and economy.

Key words: environmental regulation, regional ecological efficiency, economic growth, Super-SBM model, threshold regression, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region

冯斐, 冯学钢, 侯经川, 霍殿明, 唐睿. 经济增长、区域环境污染与环境规制有效性——基于京津冀地区的实证分析[J]. 资源科学, 2020, 42(12): 2341-2353.

FENG Fei, FENG Xuegang, HOU Jingchuan, HUO Dianming, TANG Rui. Effectiveness of regional environmental regulation, economic growth and environmental pollution: An emprical study of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region[J]. Resources Science, 2020, 42(12): 2341-2353.

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变量	单位	样本量	平均值	标准差	最小值	最大值
EE	%	116	124.45	1.54	54.52	1044.05
fin	万元	117	333510.11	636073.24	30175.46	4584400.00
firm	个	117	659.91	1277.37	14.00	6744.00
id	%	117	41.06	0.09	15.26	56.19
cd	%	117	29.42	0.16	7.14	71.05
xm	%	117	3.05	0.05	0.13	23.97
pgdp	元	117	46045.13	27046.72	15114.04	128994.13
fi	%	117	1.44	0.04	0.01	16.09

变量	基准回归模型（1）	稳健性检验模型（2）
lnfirm(-1)	0.069* (0.042)
lnfin(-1)	-0.050 (0.106)
plnfirm(-1)		0.424* (0.257)
plnfin(-1)		-0.252 (0.531)
id	6.014*** (1.450)	6.014*** (1.450)
cd	1.422* (0.795)	1.422* (0.795)
xm	-46.302*** (2.339)	-46.302*** (2.339)
lnpgdp	0.304 （0.332）	0.304 (0.332)
fi	-0.494 (1.103)	-0.494 (1.103)
常数项	-2.857 (3.581)	-3.194 (3.730)
sigma_u	4.157	4.157
sigma_e	0.278	0.278
rho	0.996	0.996
R²	0.518	0.518
N	104	104

			门限解释变量
			lnfin(-1)	lnfirm(-1)
门限解释变量	lnfin(-1)	门限估计值	13.104	13.091
		F检验值	30.62	12.07
		P值	0.003	0.247
		置信区间	[13.046,13.200]	[12.842,13.104]
	lnfirm(-1)	门限估计值	3.367	3.637
		F检验值	12.13	11.76
		P值	0.070	0.113
		置信区间	[3.332,3.637]	[3.332,3.637]

门限变量	lnfirm(-1)		lnfin(-1)
门限变量	模型(3)	模型(4)	模型(5)
门限值	3.367	3.367	13.104
lnfin(-1)	-0.060 (0.101)
lnfirm(-1)		-0.012 (0.0466)	0.089** (0.0367)
id	6.167*** (1.378)	6.221*** (1.376)	4.009*** (1.329)
cd	1.226* (0.758)	1.252* (0.756)	0.873 (0.705)
xm	-48.071*** (2.289)	-48.069*** (2.284)	-49.139*** (2.122)
pgdp	0.278 (0.315)	0.284 (0.314)	0.158 (0.292)
fi	0.784 (1.121)	0.853 (1.125)	-1.365 (0.981)
lnfin(-1)0		-0.080 (0.101)	-0.110 (0.093)
lnfin(-1)1		-0.051 (0.100)	-0.188* (0.096)
lnfirm(-1)0	-0.115* (0.069)
lnfirm(-1)1	-0.006 (0.046)
常数项	-2.002 (3.411)	-2.173 (3.401)	0.523 (3.205)
sigma_u	4.323	4.319	4.579
sigma_e	0.264	0.263	0.243
rho	0.996	0.996	0.997
R²	0.534	0.534	0.559
N	104	104	104