资源科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (11): 2210-2223.doi: 10.18402/resci.2020.11.13
收稿日期:
2019-10-23
修回日期:
2020-04-20
出版日期:
2020-11-25
发布日期:
2021-01-25
通讯作者:
吴儒练
作者简介:
李洪义,男,江西萍乡人,教授,研究方向为国土空间规划。E-mail: 基金资助:
LI Hongyi(), WU Rulian(
), TIAN Fengjun
Received:
2019-10-23
Revised:
2020-04-20
Online:
2020-11-25
Published:
2021-01-25
Contact:
WU Rulian
摘要:
国家公园游憩研究对保护国家公园生态系统和满足国民游憩需求具有重要意义,是近20年来资源经济学和游憩生态学的研究热点。对2000—2019年间国内外国家公园游憩研究现状及成果进行了系统性总结和梳理,研究发现:①国内外国家公园游憩研究受到广泛关注,相关研究成果主要集中在国家公园游憩的功能分区、业态发展、设施建设、评价、主体、环境影响及管理等7个方面,形成了“一个基础、四大主题、两种手段”的研究内容框架。②国家公园游憩研究方法以定量研究为主、定性研究为辅,基于国家公园大数据和GIS空间分析技术的定性与定量相结合研究需今后重点关注。③欧美学者研究起步早,构建了较为完善的国家公园游憩理论体系与管理框架;比较而言,国内研究仍处于探索阶段,中国学者在国家公园游憩领域进行了较多的本土化尝试,为国际上相关研究提供了中国案例,但理论建构研究相对不足。基于文献梳理与评述,提出未来中国国家公园游憩研究需进一步深入的方向:加强基础理论研究、完善游憩评价技术方法、开展多学科视角的游憩主体研究、深化游憩管理研究,希冀对中国国家公园相关研究及体制试点建设有所启示。
李洪义, 吴儒练, 田逢军. 近20年国内外国家公园游憩研究综述[J]. 资源科学, 2020, 42(11): 2210-2223.
LI Hongyi, WU Rulian, TIAN Fengjun. A review of research on national park recreation in the past 20 years[J]. Resources Science, 2020, 42(11): 2210-2223.
表1
代表性国家公园功能分区模式"
国家 | 功能区 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
最严格保护区 | 重要保护区 | 限制性利用区 | 利用区 | ||||
美国 | 原始自然保护区 | 文化遗址区* | 公园发展区* | 特别使用区 | |||
加拿大 | 特别保护区 | 荒野区* | 自然环境区* | 户外游憩区*、公园服务区 | |||
俄罗斯 | 完全保护区 | 缓冲区 | 游憩区* | ||||
日本 | 特级保护区 | 特别区I类* | 特别区II类*、特别区III类* | 普通区 | |||
韩国 | 自然保存区 | 自然环境区* | 居住区 | 公园服务区* | |||
中国 | 三江源 | 核心保育区 | 生态保育修复区 | 传统利用区* | |||
钱江源 | 核心保护区 | 生态保育区 | 游憩展示区* | 传统利用区* | |||
神农架 | 严格保护区 | 生态保育区 | 游憩展示区* | 传统利用区* | |||
武夷山 | 特别保护区 | 严格控制区 | 生态展示区* | 传统利用区* | |||
南山 | 严格保护区 | 生态保育区 | 公园游憩区* | 传统利用区* | |||
大熊猫 | 核心保护区 | 生态修复区 | 科普游憩区* | 传统利用区* | |||
东北虎豹 | 核心保护区 | 特别保护区 | 恢复扩散区* | 镇域安全保障区 | |||
祁连山 | 核心保护区 | 一般控制区* | |||||
普达措 | 严格保护区 | 生态保育区 | 游憩展示区* | 传统利用区* | |||
长城 | 未见具体区划 | ||||||
海南热带雨林 | 核心保护区 | 一般控制区* |
表2
国家公园游憩功能区内部分区模式"
二级分区 | 保育展示区 | 兼顾功能区 | 游憩活动区 |
---|---|---|---|
空间位置 | 靠近国家公园生态保育(修复)区的核心景观区 | 保育展示区和游憩活动区的过度区域 | 相对靠近国家公园边缘 |
主导功能 | 生态保育和科研教育 | 以科研科教为主、休闲游憩为辅 | 休闲游憩、文化娱乐、生态旅游 |
资源特征 | 环境自然度高、生态资源丰富 | 以观赏价值、科教价值较高的生态资源为主 | 风景资源优美、游憩资源价值高 |
建设用地 规模 | 严格限建,以林地、其他绿地为主,建设用地和交通用地极少 | 一般限建,用地性质以林地、水域为主,游憩设施建设用地较少 | 可以建设,用地性质灵活,游憩设施建设用地占比较大 |
访客规模 | 趋近于0,严格限制访客进入 | 合理设定访客规模 | 访客阈值较大,以游憩容量为最值 |
人为干扰 | 人为干扰极少,生态系统良好 | 人为干扰处于中间状态 | 人类活动密集,人为干扰较多 |
表4
国家公园游憩适宜性指标体系的代表性观点"
一级指标 | 指标总数 | 研究区域 | 文献来源 |
---|---|---|---|
气候条件、与水体的距离、文化价值、可进入性、视觉价值、植被、坡度、海拔 | 21 | 土耳其Glcük国家公园 | Gül等[ |
景观价值、气候条件、可达性、游憩设施和相关负面因素指标 | 29 | 土耳其Ilgaz Mountain国家公园 | Cetin等[ |
自然游憩资源、景观美景度、人文游憩资源、游憩利用能力、生态环境承载力、社会条件 | 16 | 钱江源国家公园体制试点区 | 肖练练等[ |
景观美景度、自然资源独特性、可达性、文化遗址和游憩利用能力 | 17 | 智利Sub-Antarctic保护地 | Nahuelhual等[ |
可达性、保护状况、科学价值、教育价值 | 4 | 阿尔巴尼亚Thethi 国家公园 | Dollma[ |
表5
CVM和TCM的比较"
评估方法 | 不同点 | 相同点 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
提出者 | 评估原理及过程 | 适用性 | 可操作性 | 准确性 | ||
CVM | Davis[ 1963年 | 通过直接调查游客对某一环境质量改善的支付意愿(WTP)或对环境质量损失的接受赔偿意愿(WTA),从而对游憩价值做出估计的方法 | 既能用于评估资源的使用价值又能估算其非使用价值 | 需要的评估数据资料较少,计算相对简单 | 需要构建假想市场,主观性较强,计算结果偏差相对较大 | ①都属于非市场产品经济价值评价方法 ②都需要借助问卷调查或实地访问收集一手数据 |
TCM | Hotelling[ | 通过调查计算游客收入水平、旅行时间、频次等来估算游憩价值,旅游费用支出与其消费者剩余之和即舒适性资源的经济价值 | 只能评估资源的使用价值,适用程度较低 | 对数据需求较多,计算过程较复杂 | 依据人们的真实行为作出估测,结果比较客观 |
表6
国家公园游憩主要研究方法"
研究方法 | 适用内容 | 代表作者 | 案例 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
定性研究法 | 文献分析法 | 现状综述类 | 肖练练等[ | — |
文本分析法 | 游憩者满意度 | 毕赛云等[ | 武夷山国家公园试点区 | |
比较研究法 | 游憩管理 | 马勇等[ | 美国、英国、新西兰、日本 | |
访谈法 | 游客管理 | 张玉钧等[ | 仙居国家公园 | |
游憩设施建设 | Grünewald[ | 南非Kruger National Park | ||
定量研究法 | 问卷调查法 | 游憩环境影响 | Judova等[ | 斯洛伐克 Tatra National Park |
实验法 | 游憩环境影响 | Cole等 [ | 美国Wyoming Wind River Mountains | |
量表法 | 游憩动机 | Whiting等[ | 美国Georgia State Parks | |
CVM | 游憩价值评价 | 查爱苹[ | 杭州西湖 | |
TCM-电话调查法 | 游憩价值评价 | Heagney等[ | 澳大利亚New South Wales Protected Area | |
TCM-问卷调查法 | Pongkijvorasin等[ | 泰国Khaoyai National Park | ||
模糊综合评价法 | 游憩者满意度 | 王颖心等[ | 普达措国家公园试点区 | |
GIS空间分析法与AHP法相结合 | 游憩功能分区 | 付梦娣等[ | 三江源国家公园试点区 | |
游憩适宜性评价 | 钟林生等 [ | 钱江源国家公园试点区 | ||
建模法 | 游憩适宜性评价 | Cetin 等[ | 土耳其Ilgaz Mountain National Park | |
游憩需求 | Melstrom等[ | 美国National Park | ||
回归分析法 | 游憩者行为 | Li[ | 中国台湾太鲁阁公园 | |
SEM模型 | 游憩者行为 | 黄涛等[ | 长城国家公园试点区 | |
Gundersen等[ | 挪威Dovrefijell Sunndalsfjella National Park |
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