近20年国内外国家公园游憩研究综述

doi:10.18402/resci.2020.11.13

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

国家公园游憩研究对保护国家公园生态系统和满足国民游憩需求具有重要意义,是近20年来资源经济学和游憩生态学的研究热点。对2000—2019年间国内外国家公园游憩研究现状及成果进行了系统性总结和梳理,研究发现:①国内外国家公园游憩研究受到广泛关注,相关研究成果主要集中在国家公园游憩的功能分区、业态发展、设施建设、评价、主体、环境影响及管理等7个方面,形成了“一个基础、四大主题、两种手段”的研究内容框架。②国家公园游憩研究方法以定量研究为主、定性研究为辅,基于国家公园大数据和GIS空间分析技术的定性与定量相结合研究需今后重点关注。③欧美学者研究起步早,构建了较为完善的国家公园游憩理论体系与管理框架;比较而言,国内研究仍处于探索阶段,中国学者在国家公园游憩领域进行了较多的本土化尝试,为国际上相关研究提供了中国案例,但理论建构研究相对不足。基于文献梳理与评述,提出未来中国国家公园游憩研究需进一步深入的方向：加强基础理论研究、完善游憩评价技术方法、开展多学科视角的游憩主体研究、深化游憩管理研究,希冀对中国国家公园相关研究及体制试点建设有所启示。

关键词: 国家公园, 功能分区, 游憩价值, 环境影响, 游憩管理

Abstract:

The research on national park recreation is of great significance for protecting the national park ecosystem and meeting public recreation needs, and has recently become a hotspot in resource economics and recreation ecology. This article summarized and reviewed the status and achievements of national park recreation research between 2000 and 2019. The results show that: (1) Research on national park recreation in China and internationally has received extensive attention and the number of publications has shown a rapid growth. The existing research mainly focuses on the following seven aspects: national park recreation functional zoning, recreation industry, construction of recreation facilities, recreationist, recreation evaluation, environmental impact, and management. A research framework of “one foundation, four major themes, and two tools” was formed. (2) National park recreation research is mainly based on quantitative methods, supplemented by qualitative research. Research using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods based on national park big data and GIS spatial analysis technology needs to be focused on in the future. (3) Research on national park recreation in Europe and the United States developed earlier than in China, and a relatively complete set of national park recreation theories and management frameworks has been established. In contrast, research in China is still in the exploratory phase. More localized explorations have been carried out in the field of national parks recreation, providing Chinese cases for international research, but theoretical development is relatively insufficient. Based on these findings, the article proposed the following research focus on national park recreation in China in the future: strengthening basic theoretical research, improving evaluation methods, conducting multidisciplinary research on visitors, and improving research on recreation management. It is hoped that this study will contribute to enriching the research on China’s national parks and providing some guidance for Chinese national park recreation management.

Key words: national park, functional zoning, recreational value, environmental impact, recreation management

李洪义, 吴儒练, 田逢军. 近20年国内外国家公园游憩研究综述[J]. 资源科学, 2020, 42(11): 2210-2223.

LI Hongyi, WU Rulian, TIAN Fengjun. A review of research on national park recreation in the past 20 years[J]. Resources Science, 2020, 42(11): 2210-2223.

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国家		功能区
国家		最严格保护区	重要保护区	限制性利用区		利用区
美国		原始自然保护区	文化遗址区*	公园发展区*		特别使用区
加拿大		特别保护区	荒野区*	自然环境区*		户外游憩区*、公园服务区
俄罗斯		完全保护区	缓冲区	游憩区*
日本		特级保护区	特别区I类*	特别区II类、特别区III类		普通区
韩国		自然保存区	自然环境区*	居住区		公园服务区*
中国	三江源	核心保育区	生态保育修复区		传统利用区*
	钱江源	核心保护区	生态保育区	游憩展示区*		传统利用区*
	神农架	严格保护区	生态保育区	游憩展示区*		传统利用区*
	武夷山	特别保护区	严格控制区	生态展示区*		传统利用区*
	南山	严格保护区	生态保育区	公园游憩区*		传统利用区*
	大熊猫	核心保护区	生态修复区	科普游憩区*		传统利用区*
	东北虎豹	核心保护区	特别保护区	恢复扩散区*		镇域安全保障区
	祁连山	核心保护区	一般控制区*
	普达措	严格保护区	生态保育区	游憩展示区*		传统利用区*
	长城	未见具体区划
	海南热带雨林	核心保护区	一般控制区*

二级分区	保育展示区	兼顾功能区	游憩活动区
空间位置	靠近国家公园生态保育（修复）区的核心景观区	保育展示区和游憩活动区的过度区域	相对靠近国家公园边缘
主导功能	生态保育和科研教育	以科研科教为主、休闲游憩为辅	休闲游憩、文化娱乐、生态旅游
资源特征	环境自然度高、生态资源丰富	以观赏价值、科教价值较高的生态资源为主	风景资源优美、游憩资源价值高
建设用地规模	严格限建,以林地、其他绿地为主,建设用地和交通用地极少	一般限建,用地性质以林地、水域为主,游憩设施建设用地较少	可以建设,用地性质灵活,游憩设施建设用地占比较大
访客规模	趋近于0,严格限制访客进入	合理设定访客规模	访客阈值较大,以游憩容量为最值
人为干扰	人为干扰极少,生态系统良好	人为干扰处于中间状态	人类活动密集,人为干扰较多

游憩业态	主要活动或载体	对公园环境影响程度
观赏游览类	自然景观、历史人文景观、野生动植物园（区）等	中
运动康体类	徒步、攀岩、球类运动、滑雪（冰）、极限运动、温泉、疗养场所、竞技场所等	中
休闲娱乐类	野餐区、露营地、游乐中心、主题乐园、特色商场与旅游纪念品店等	强
文化体验类	文化艺术展馆、演出、博物馆、民俗活动、科学考察等	中
自然教育类	环境解说与教育、生态体验、亲子教育、研学旅行、科普教育等	弱

一级指标	指标总数	研究区域	文献来源
气候条件、与水体的距离、文化价值、可进入性、视觉价值、植被、坡度、海拔	21	土耳其Glcük国家公园	Gül等^[25]
景观价值、气候条件、可达性、游憩设施和相关负面因素指标	29	土耳其Ilgaz Mountain国家公园	Cetin等^[31]
自然游憩资源、景观美景度、人文游憩资源、游憩利用能力、生态环境承载力、社会条件	16	钱江源国家公园体制试点区	肖练练等^[36]
景观美景度、自然资源独特性、可达性、文化遗址和游憩利用能力	17	智利Sub-Antarctic保护地	Nahuelhual等^[37]
可达性、保护状况、科学价值、教育价值	4	阿尔巴尼亚Thethi 国家公园	Dollma^[38]

评估方法	不同点					相同点
评估方法	提出者	评估原理及过程	适用性	可操作性	准确性	相同点
CVM	Davis^[41], 1963年	通过直接调查游客对某一环境质量改善的支付意愿（WTP）或对环境质量损失的接受赔偿意愿（WTA）,从而对游憩价值做出估计的方法	既能用于评估资源的使用价值又能估算其非使用价值	需要的评估数据资料较少,计算相对简单	需要构建假想市场,主观性较强,计算结果偏差相对较大	①都属于非市场产品经济价值评价方法 ②都需要借助问卷调查或实地访问收集一手数据
TCM	Hotelling^[42],1949年	通过调查计算游客收入水平、旅行时间、频次等来估算游憩价值,旅游费用支出与其消费者剩余之和即舒适性资源的经济价值	只能评估资源的使用价值,适用程度较低	对数据需求较多,计算过程较复杂	依据人们的真实行为作出估测,结果比较客观