旅游生态补偿的市场化路径及其理论解析

doi:10.18402/resci.2020.09.15

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

多元化生态补偿制度建设是新时代中国生态文明建设的重要任务,旅游市场化生态补偿机制构建有助于丰富和完善中国生态补偿制度体系。本文运用文献资料梳理和生态经济分析框架,在总结政府主导型、社区参与型等旅游生态补偿实践的基础上,明确了旅游市场化生态补偿的内涵特征、利益主体,并探索其运行的内在机制。结果表明：旅游市场化生态补偿形成生态旅游供需对接平台,具有以市场交易实现生态资源价值、内生性和循环性、参与主体多元性等特征;主要涉及游客、旅游企业、社区居民、当地政府等利益主体;其运行机制是社区居民和旅游企业在有机合作和投入建设基础上,将自然资源和生态系统服务功能生产转换为生态性旅游产品,游客通过付费购买生态旅游产品和服务,形成对旅游企业、社区居民、目的地生态系统的直接和间接补偿,从而构建可持续的“交易—获利—激励—再交易”市场化补偿路径。这一市场化机制运行的前提是自然资源产权的确定,关键是资源生态价值的实现,核心是生态服务功能交易的互动激励,而多方博弈中政府的调节是重要保障。

关键词: 旅游生态补偿, 市场化, 利益相关者, 概念模型, 运行机制

Abstract:

The development of a diversified ecological compensation system is an important task of China’s ecological civilization construction in the new era. Developing a market-oriented ecological compensation mechanism for tourism contributes to enriching and improving China’s ecological compensation system. Based on the literature review and an ecological-economic analysis framework, this study summarized the government-led and community-based tourism ecological compensation, and clarified the connotation, characteristics, and stakeholders of tourism market-oriented ecological compensation. We then explored the operation mechanism of tourism market-oriented ecological compensation. The results show that: tourism market-oriented ecological compensation forms an ecological tourism supply-demand docking platform, which has the characteristics of realizing the value of ecological resources through market transactions, endogenousness and feedback loops, and diversified participants. Tourists, tourism enterprises, community residents, and local governments are the main stakeholders of the platform. Its operating mechanism is that based on cooperation and investment, community residents and tourism companies convert the natural resources and ecosystem services into ecological tourism products, then tourists purchase the eco-tourism products and services to form direct and indirect compensation for the tourism enterprises, community residents, and destination ecosystem, thereby developing a sustainable market-oriented compensation path of “transaction-profit-incentive-transaction”. The prerequisite of the operating mechanism is to determine the property rights of resources, the key is to realize the ecological value of resources, the core is the interactive incentive for the transaction of ecological service functions, and government regulation is an important guarantee in the multi-party game.

Key words: tourism ecological compensation, marketization, stakeholders, conceptual model, operation mechanism

冯凌, 郭嘉欣, 王灵恩. 旅游生态补偿的市场化路径及其理论解析[J]. 资源科学, 2020, 42(9): 1816-1826.

FENG Ling, GUO Jiaxin, WANG Lingen. Marketization path of tourism ecological compensation and theoretical analysis[J]. Resources Science, 2020, 42(9): 1816-1826.

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参考文献 36

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时间	旅游地	补偿内容	补偿对象	补偿机制
20世纪80年代—20世纪末	青城山风景名胜区	将青城山门票收入的30%用于森林保护	森林资源	政府主导
20世纪80年代—20世纪末	西双版纳自然保护区	建立景区旅游收益缴纳及反哺制度;建立“社区共管”模式	生态资源社区居民	政府主导社区参与
21世纪初期	九寨沟自然保护区	针对生态系统设立科研保护资金;针对社区居民提供直接资金补偿、特许经营补偿以及间接就业补偿	森林资源社区居民	政府主导社区参与
	玉龙雪山自然保护区	设立环境保护专项资金,由景区收入和政府专项资金共同构成	生态资源	政府主导
	天目山自然保护区	设置资源保护费和特许经营费	生态资源	政府主导
	普达措国家公园	主要对社区居民进行补偿,包括旅游经营服务项目补偿、征地补偿等直接补偿和就业、特许经营等间接补偿	社区居民	社区参与
	武当山森林公园	旅游资源有偿使用费	生态资源	政府主导
	神农架自然保护区	风景名胜资源有偿使用费	生态资源	政府主导

补偿机制	补偿主体	补偿客体	补偿方式	优势	劣势
政府主导	政府主导企业补偿	以生态环境为主	旅游资源有偿使用制度	强制性;容易推进实施	征收对象不明确、补偿标准不统一、管理不透明、效率低^[21,24];忽视居民利益
社区参与	旅游企业	以社区居民为主	直接补偿间接补偿	维护居民利益,调动居民参与的积极性	被视为协调企业和社区经济利益的手段,较少考虑生态保护效果,有悖于生态补偿的目的^[25]

服务类型	主要生态服务功能	实现方式	转换的旅游产品
供给服务	由生态系统产生或提供的物质性服务,如食物、原材料、纤维、淡水等	生态标签：生态旅游产品在经过第三方独立机构对其生产、销售环节验证后,获得生态认证标志,从而实现产品生态信息透明化,消除市场摩擦,促进交易;其价格通常高于未获得认证的产品	旅游餐饮、旅游购物
文化服务	由生态系统提供的非物质性服务,如审美价值、教育价值、休闲价值等	旅游门票：产权界定后,旅游开发商建立景区、度假区等旅游场所,进行市场化经营,通过售卖门票获得收益; 生态价值附加销售：以影像、图书等媒体或物质产品附带实现无形价值	生态旅游景区、度假区、公园、场馆、旅游影视、旅游纪念品等
调节服务	由生态系统的调节功能所得到的收益,如大气调节、气候条件、疾病调控等	生态溢价：生态系统的调节服务和支持服务难以剥离出来独立交易,需要依托其所在的土地实现价值。良好的调节服务和支持服务能够改善周边的生态环境,带动土地溢价,以土地为载体实现资源的生态价值	旅游住宿、森林氧吧、雾浴养生等康养度假旅游产品
支持服务	保障其他生态系统服务功能所必须的基础服务,如土壤形成、养分循环、初级生产等