中国城乡协调发展与农村贫困治理的耦合关系

doi:10.18402/resci.2020.07.14

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文在理论分析城乡协调发展与农村贫困治理耦合逻辑的基础上,运用全国时序数据和省级截面数据,实证分析了中国城乡协调发展与农村贫困治理耦合的时空变化特征,结果表明：①2000—2017年中国27个省份城乡协调发展与农村贫困治理耦合协调度在0.4928~0.6111之间,目前已进入磨合阶段,并呈现缓慢递增趋势,已经向着良性互动方向发展。②从空间分布上看,2010、2013、2017年3个时段27个省份的耦合协调度均呈现东部→东北部→中部→西部依次递减的趋势,研究期内各省份耦合协调度值均有所上升,但地区之间增长幅度有所差异,越往西部,年度增加幅度越明显。③根据城乡发展协调度与农村贫困治理水平耦合协调度变化情况,将中国27个省份划分为4个级别：高幅增长、中高幅增长、中幅增长和低幅增长。不同级别区域应在城乡融合发展目标指导下,根据各地区耦合特征,结合自身资源禀赋条件因地施策,围绕城乡空间融合、产业发展融合、社会公共服务保障融合及文化融合等,全面实现城乡融合发展。

关键词: 城乡协调发展, 农村贫困治理, 城乡融合, 耦合, 中国

Abstract:

On the basis of theoretical analysis, this study empirically analyzed the spatial-temporal characteristics of the coupling relationship of urban-rural coordinated development and rural poverty governance in China by using national time series data and provincial cross-sectional data. The results show that: (1) From 2000 to 2017, the coupling coordination degree of urban-rural coordinated development and rural poverty governance was between 0.4928-0.6111, which has entered a relatively mature stage, has shown a slow increasing trend, and has been developing in the direction of benign interaction. (2) Spatially, the coupling coordination degree of 27 provinces in 2010, 2013, and 2017 showed a decreasing trend from east to northeast, central China, and west. During the study period, the coupling coordination degree of each province increased, but the increase was different among the regions. (3) According to the change of coupling coordination degree of urban-rural coordinated development and rural poverty governance from 2010 to 2017, 27 provinces in China can be divided into four grades: high growth, high- medium growth, medium growth, and low growth. Under the guidance of the goal of urban-rural integrated development, according to the coupling characteristics of each region, and combining with their own resources endowment conditions, regions of different coupling types should be adapted to local conditions, strive to achieve an all-round integrated development of urban and rural areas, focusing on the integration of urban and rural space, industrial development, social and public services, and cultural integration.

Key words: urban-rural coordinated development, rural poverty governance, urban-rural integration, coupling, China

张博胜, 杨子生. 中国城乡协调发展与农村贫困治理的耦合关系[J]. 资源科学, 2020, 42(7): 1384-1394.

ZHANG Bosheng, YANG Zisheng. Coupling relationship between urban-rural coordinated development and rural poverty governance[J]. Resources Science, 2020, 42(7): 1384-1394.

图/表 9

表1

图1

表2

图2

表3

表4

2010—2017年中国分省城乡协调发展与农村贫困治理耦合协调度"

地区	省份	2010年			2013年			2017年			2010—2017年耦合协调度增幅/%
地区	省份	城乡发展协调度	农村贫困治理水平	耦合协调度	城乡发展协调度	农村贫困治理水平	耦合协调度	城乡发展协调度	农村贫困治理水平	耦合协调度	2010—2017年耦合协调度增幅/%
东部	河北	0.5032	0.8420	0.5705	0.5143	0.9350	0.5888	0.6007	0.9780	0.6191	8.51
	山东	0.5106	0.9240	0.5860	0.5561	0.9630	0.6049	0.5057	0.9920	0.5951	1.55
	江苏	0.5399	0.9620	0.6003	0.5536	0.9800	0.6069	0.5671	1.0000	0.6136	2.22
	浙江	0.5288	0.9610	0.5970	0.5188	0.9810	0.5972	0.5585	1.0000	0.6113	2.39
	福建	0.4649	0.9380	0.5746	0.4850	0.9740	0.5862	0.5180	1.0000	0.5999	4.40
	广东	0.4406	0.9540	0.5693	0.4837	0.9830	0.5872	0.4967	1.0000	0.5936	4.27
	海南	0.4861	0.7620	0.5516	0.4858	0.8970	0.5745	0.4909	0.9610	0.5860	6.23
东北	辽宁	0.4652	0.9090	0.5702	0.5470	0.9460	0.5997	0.5034	0.9830	0.5931	4.01
	吉林	0.4115	0.8530	0.5443	0.4349	0.9410	0.5656	0.4780	0.9730	0.5839	7.29
	黑龙江	0.5020	0.8730	0.5753	0.5704	0.9410	0.6052	0.5217	0.9730	0.5969	3.75
中部	山西	0.4770	0.7590	0.5485	0.5358	0.8760	0.5853	0.5381	0.9450	0.5971	8.86
	安徽	0.4780	0.8430	0.5634	0.4882	0.9180	0.5786	0.5205	0.9700	0.5961	5.80
	江西	0.4118	0.8420	0.5426	0.4945	0.9080	0.5788	0.4916	0.9700	0.5876	8.29
	河南	0.4521	0.8190	0.5516	0.4929	0.9210	0.5804	0.4893	0.9660	0.5863	6.30
	湖北	0.4147	0.8310	0.5418	0.5525	0.9200	0.5970	0.5488	0.9720	0.6043	11.54
	湖南	0.4234	0.8210	0.5429	0.4405	0.8880	0.5592	0.4752	0.9590	0.5810	7.01
西部	内蒙古	0.4005	0.8030	0.5325	0.4340	0.9150	0.5613	0.4490	0.9730	0.5749	7.96
	广西	0.4942	0.7570	0.5530	0.5502	0.8510	0.5849	0.5662	0.9430	0.6044	9.30
	重庆	0.4078	0.8490	0.5424	0.4650	0.9400	0.5749	0.4690	0.9910	0.5838	7.64
	四川	0.5015	0.7980	0.5624	0.5423	0.9140	0.5933	0.5852	0.9690	0.6136	9.10
	贵州	0.3610	0.5490	0.4718	0.4022	0.7870	0.5304	0.4474	0.9150	0.5656	19.88
	云南	0.5036	0.6000	0.5243	0.5055	0.8220	0.5677	0.5447	0.9250	0.5958	13.64
	陕西	0.4027	0.7270	0.5201	0.4499	0.8490	0.5559	0.4294	0.9370	0.5632	8.28
	甘肃	0.4727	0.5870	0.5132	0.4863	0.7620	0.5517	0.5599	0.9030	0.5963	16.19
	青海	0.4285	0.6850	0.5205	0.3635	0.8360	0.5250	0.3749	0.9400	0.5448	4.67
	宁夏	0.4299	0.8170	0.5444	0.4498	0.8750	0.5601	0.4547	0.9550	0.5740	5.45
	新疆	0.4990	0.5540	0.5127	0.4700	0.8020	0.5541	0.4018	0.9010	0.5485	6.97

表4

图3

图4

表5

参考文献 30

[1]	刘彦随. 中国新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴[J]. 地理学报, 2018,73(4):673-650.
	[ Liu Y S. Research on the urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in the new era in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018,73(4):673-650.]
[2]	陆汉文, 岂晓宇. 当代中国农村的贫困问题与反贫困工作: 基于城乡关系与制度变迁过程的分析[J]. 江汉论坛, 2006, (10):108-112.
	[ Lu H W, Qi X Y. Poverty and anti-poverty work in the countryside of contemporary China: An analysis based on the relationship between urban and rural areas and the process of institutional change[J]. Jianghan Tribune, 2006, (10):108-112.]
[3]	段世江, 聂桔. 统筹城乡、区域发展的河北省农村反贫困对策框架探讨[J]. 河北农业大学学报(农林教育版), 2007,9(3):56-59.
	[ Duan S J, Nie J. Discussion on the Hebei Province countryside anti-poverty countermeasure frame about coordinated development between the urban and rural areas and regions[J]. Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei (Agriculture & Forestry Education), 2007,9(3):56-59.]
[4]	李裕瑞, 王婧, 刘彦随, 等. 中国“四化”协调发展的区域格局及其影响因素[J]. 地理学报, 2014,69(2):199-212. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201402005
	[ Li Y R, Wang J, Liu Y S, et al. Spatial pattern and influencing factors of the coordination development of industrialization, informatization, urbanization and agricultural modernization in China: A prefecture level exploratory spatial data analysis[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014,69(2):199-212.]
[5]	王艳飞, 刘彦随, 严镔, 等. 中国城乡协调发展格局特征及影响因素[J]. 地理科学, 2016,36(1):20-28. doi: 10.1329/j.cnki.sgs.2016.01.003
	[ Wang Y F, Liu Y S, Yan B, et al. Spatial patterns and influencing factors of urban-rural coordinated development in China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016,36(1):20-28.]
[6]	马克思, 恩格斯. 马克思恩格斯文集(第三卷)[M]. 中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局, 译. 北京: 人民出版社, 2009.
	[ Marx, Engels. Collected works of Marx and Engels (Volume 3)[M]. Central Compilation and Translation Bureau of Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin, Trans. Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2009.]
[7]	胡国远. 中国城市化进程中城乡协调发展研究[D]. 上海: 同济大学, 2007.
	[ Hu G Y. Research on Coordinated Development of Urban-Rural Areas in China’s Urbanization Process: A Case Study of Zhejiang Province[D]. Shanghai: Tongji University, 2007.]
[8]	刘晨光, 李二玲, 覃成林. 中国城乡协调发展空间格局与演化研究[J]. 人文地理, 2012,27(2):97-102.
	[ Liu C G, Li E L, Qin C L. Spatial patterns and its evolution of economic coordinated development between urban and rural areas in China[J]. Human Geography, 2012,27(2):97-102.]
[9]	王维. 长江经济带城乡协调发展评价及其时空格局[J]. 经济地理, 2017,37(8):60-66.
	[ Wang W. The evaluation of coordinated development level between urban and rural and its spatial-temporal pattern in Yangtze River Economic Zone[J]. Economic Geography, 2017,37(8):60-66.]
[10]	王颖, 孙平军, 李诚固, 等. 2003年以来东北地区城乡协调发展的时空演化[J]. 经济地理, 2018,38(7):59-66.
	[ Wang Y, Sun P J, Li C G, et al. Spatial-temporal evolution features of urban and rural harmonious in northeast China since 2003[J]. Economic Geography, 2018,38(7):59-66.]
[11]	王艳飞, 刘彦随, 李裕瑞. 环渤海地区城镇化与农村协调发展的时空特征[J]. 地理研究, 2015,34(1):122-130. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201501011
	[ Wang Y F, Liu Y S, Li Y R. Spatial-temporal patterns of urbanization and rural development and their coordination in Bohai Rim Region[J]. Geographical Research, 2015,34(1):122-130.]
[12]	马历, 龙花楼, 戈大专, 等. 中国农区城乡协同发展与乡村振兴途径[J]. 经济地理, 2018,38(4):37-44.
	[ Ma L, Long H L, Ge D Z, et al. Research on the ways of urban-rural coordinated development and rural vitalization in the farming areas of China[J]. Economic Geography, 2018,38(4):37-44.]
[13]	郭丽英, 任志远, 邓旭升. 广西扶贫开发与城乡协调发展战略探讨[J]. 地域研究与开发, 2006,25(3):100-103.
	[ Guo L Y, Ren Z Y, Deng X S. Analysis on the urban and rural harmonious development and poverty alleviation in Guangxi Province[J]. Areal Research and Development, 2006,25(3):100-103.]
[14]	杨娜曼, 肖地楚, 黄静波. 城乡统筹发展视角下湖南省城乡协调发展评价[J]. 经济地理, 2014,34(3):58-64.
	[ Yang N M, Xiao D C, Huang J B. Urban and rural balanced development evaluation in Hunan Province[J]. Economic Geography, 2014,34(3):58-64.]
[15]	郑瑞强. 新型城乡关系益贫机理与连片特困区精准扶贫机制优化研究[J]. 现代经济探讨, 2018, (5):100-109.
	[ Zheng R Q. Poverty benefit mechanism of new urban-rural relations and optimizing the mechanism of poverty alleviation in contiguous poor areas[J]. Modern Economic Research, 2018, (5):100-109.]
[16]	何仁伟. 城乡融合与乡村振兴: 理论探讨、机理阐释与实现路径[J]. 地理研究, 2018,37(11):2127-2140. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201811001
	[ He R W. Urban-rural integration and rural revitalization: Theory, mechanism and implementation[J]. Geographical Research, 2018,37(11):2127-2140.]
[17]	周尔鎏, 张雨林. 城乡协调发展研究[M]. 南京: 江苏人民出版社, 1991.
	[ Zhou E L, Zhang Y L. Research on Coordinated Development between Urban and Rural Areas[M]. Nanjing: Jiangsu People’s Publishing, 1991.]
[18]	张立生. 基于市级尺度的中国城乡协调发展空间演化[J]. 地理科学, 2016,36(8):1165-1171. doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2016.08.006
	[ Zhang L S. Spatial evolution in China’s urban-rural coordinated development: A case study based on urban scale data[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016,36(8):1165-1171.]
[19]	张博胜, 杨子生. 基于空间计量模型的云南农村贫困格局及其影响因素诊断[J]. 农业工程学报, 2019,35(7):276-287.
	[ Zhang B S, Yang Z S. Diagnosis of rural poverty pattern and its influencing factors in Yunnan Province based on spatial econometric model[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2019,35(7):276-287.]
[20]	龙花楼, 屠爽爽, 戈大专. 新型城镇化对扶贫开发的影响与应对研究[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2016,31(3):309-319.
	[ Long H L, Tu S S, Ge D Z. Effects of new-type urbanization on poverty alleviation and development and corresponding countermeasures[J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2016,31(3):309-319.]
[21]	李萍, 王军. 城镇化发展对不同收入水平农民增收的影响研究: 以四川省为例[J]. 四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2015, (6):129-137.
	[ Li P, Wang J. The impact of urbanization on the income of farmers at different income levels: Taking Sichuan Province as an example[J]. Journal of Sichuan University (Social Science Edition), 2015, (6):129-137.]
[22]	刘彦随, 周扬, 刘继来. 中国农村贫困化地域分异特征及其精准扶贫策略[J]. 中国科学院学刊, 2016,31(3):269-278.
	[ Liu Y S, Zhou Y, Liu J L. Regional differentiation characteristics of rural poverty and targeted poverty alleviation strategy in China[J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2016,31(3):269-278.]
[23]	王能, 李万明. 财政分权、城市化与城乡收入差距动态关系实证分析: 基于向量自回归模型[J]. 农业经济问题, 2016, (9):32-41.
	[ Wang N, Li W M. A empirical analysis on dynamic relationship of fiscal decentralization, urbanization and urban-rural income gap: Based on the VAR model[J]. Issues in Agricultural Economy, 2016, (9):32-41.]
[24]	颜惠琴, 牛万红, 韩惠丽. 基于主成分分析构建指标权重的客观赋权法[J]. 济南大学学报(自然科学版), 2017,31(6):519-523.
	[ Yan H Q, Niu W H, Han H L. Objective weight method based on principal component analysis to establish index weight[J]. Journal of University of Jinan (Science and Technology), 2017,31(6):519-523.]
[25]	方传棣, 成金华, 赵鹏大. 大保护战略下长江经济带矿产-经济-环境耦合协调度时空演化研究[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2019,29(6):65-73.
	[ Fang C D, Cheng J H, Zhao P D. Temporal and spatial evolution of mineral-economic-environment coordination degree in the Yangtze River Economic Belt under the great protection strategy[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2019,29(6):65-73.]
[26]	任喜萍, 殷仲义. 中国省域人口集聚、公共资源配置与服务业发展时空耦合及驱动因素[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2019,29(12):77-86.
	[ Ren X P, Yin Z Y. Spatial-temporal coupling and driving factors of provincial population agglomeration, public resource allocation and service industry development in China[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2019,29(12):77-86.]
[27]	赵建吉, 刘岩, 朱亚坤, 等. 黄河流域新型城镇化与生态环境耦合的时空格局及影响因素[J]. 资源科学, 2020,42(1):159-171.
	[ Zhao J J, Liu Y, Zhu Y K, et al. Spatiotemporal differentiation and influencing factors of the coupling and coordinated development of new urbanization and ecological environment in the Yellow River Basin[J]. Resources Science, 2020,42(1):159-171.]
[28]	张慧利, 蔡洁, 夏显力. 水土流失治理效益与生态农业发展的耦合协调性分析[J]. 农业工程学报, 2018,34(8):162-169.
	[ Zhang H L, Cai J, Xia X L. Coupling coordinative degree analysis on benefit of water and soil erosion control and development of ecological agriculture[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2018,34(8):162-169.]
[29]	吴大放, 胡悦, 刘艳艳, 等. 城市开发强度与资源环境承载力协调分析: 以珠三角为例[J]. 自然资源学报, 2020,35(1):82-94.
	[ Wu D F, Hu Y, Liu Y Y, et al. Empirical study on the coupling coordination between development intensity and resources-and-environment carrying capacity of core cities in Pearl River Delta[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2020,35(1):82-94.]
[30]	李成宇, 张士强. 中国省际水-能源-粮食耦合协调度及影响因素研究[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2020,30(1):120-128.
	[ Li C Y, Zhang S Q. Chinese provincial water-energy-food coupling coordination degree and influencing factors research[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2020,30(1):120-128.]

维度	一级指标	平均权重	主成分权重	综合权重	城镇指标	乡村指标
生活	收入协调度Z₁	0.1	0.1809	0.1405	城镇居民人均可支配收入X₁	农村居民人均纯收入Y₁
	消费协调度Z₂	0.1	0.0846	0.0923	城镇居民人均消费X₂	农村居民人均消费Y₂
经济	经济发展协调度Z₃	0.1	0.0761	0.0881	人均非农业产值X₃	人均农业产值Y₃
	资本投入协调度Z₄	0.1	0.0179	0.0590	城镇人均固定资本投资X₄	农村人均固定资本投资Y₄
	市场发展协调度Z₅	0.1	0.0630	0.0815	城镇人均消费品零售额X₅	乡村人均消费品零售额Y₅
社会	就业水平协调度Z₆	0.1	0.0528	0.0764	城镇就业人口比例X₆	农村就业人口比例Y₆
	教育水平协调度Z₇	0.1	0.1648	0.1324	城镇人口平均受教育年限X₇	农村人口平均受教育年限Y₇
	医疗水平协调度Z₈	0.1	0.1290	0.1145	城镇每千人医疗机构床位数X₈	乡村每千人医疗机构床位数Y₈
资源环境	资源分配协调度Z₉	0.1	0.0950	0.0975	城镇人均日用水量X₉	乡村人均日用水量Y₉
					城镇人均建设用地面积X₁₀	乡村人均建设用地面积Y₁₀
	环境治理协调度Z₁₀	0.1	0.1359	0.1180	城镇生活垃圾无害化处理率X₁₁	乡村卫生厕所普及率Y₁₁

耦合协调度	耦合协调阶段	耦合内涵
0.0<D≤0.3	低水平耦合阶段	城乡差距较小,城乡发展协调性较好,农村贫困水平较低,城乡发展差距对农村贫困的影响不大,农村内部基本能够包容城乡二元经济所带来的贫富差距
0.3<D≤0.5	拮抗阶段	城乡发展协调水平已超越其发展拐点,城乡发展协调性被打破,农村贫困开始加剧
0.5<D≤0.8	磨合阶段	城乡发展协调水平开始转型升级,此时开始关注农村发展,将更多资源注入农村,农村贫困逐步缓解。城乡协调发展与农村贫困治理之间开始形成良性互动
0.8<D≤1.0	高水平耦合阶段	城、乡均达到高质量发展水平,乡村全面振兴,基本实现城乡融合与城乡一体化,农村贫困基本消失

年份	2000	2005	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
城乡发展协调度	0.4700	0.4843	0.5350	0.5464	0.5509	0.5600	0.5650	0.5652	0.5682	0.5758
农村贫困治理水平	0.5020	0.6980	0.8280	0.8730	0.8980	0.9150	0.9280	0.9230	0.9550	0.9690
耦合协调度	0.4928	0.5392	0.5769	0.5877	0.5930	0.5982	0.6017	0.6042	0.6069	0.6111

耦合协调度变化分级	耦合协调度增幅范围/%	包括的省份
高幅增长	[13.64, 19.88]	贵州、云南、甘肃
中高幅增长	[8.29, 11.54]	河北、山西、江西、湖北、广西、四川、陕西
中幅增长	[4.67, 7.96]	海南、吉林、安徽、河南、湖南、内蒙古、重庆、宁夏、青海、新疆
低幅增长	[1.55, 4.40]	山东、江苏、浙江、福建、广东、辽宁、黑龙江、