黄土高原乡村聚落用地时空演变与影响因素

doi:10.18402/resci.2020.07.08

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

研究黄土高原乡村聚落用地规模演变及其影响因素,对优化乡村聚落空间格局,落实国家乡村振兴战略具有理论和现实意义。本文采用位序-规模法则、核密度分析和地理探测器方法,研究1990—2015年黄土高原乡村聚落用地的空间分布和规模等级特征,揭示乡村聚落用地规模格局形成影响因素与驱动机制。结果表明：①1990年以来,黄土高原乡村聚落斑块数量和用地规模总体呈现增加趋势,其中2000—2005年乡村聚落斑块数量增加最明显,2005—2010年用地规模扩大最显著。②黄土高原乡村聚落用地规模处于非均衡发展阶段,乡村聚落空间分布具有明显的历史继承性,在地理空间上表现为主体延伸和局部填充两种形式。乡村聚落密度在区域上呈现“一极两翼”的空间结构特征,关中平原地区是乡村聚落核心集聚区,银川平原—六盘山区—陇东高原、河套平原—汾河谷地—豫西盆地内乡村聚落集聚与分散趋势并存。③黄土高原乡村聚落用地规模格局的形成受到多重要素的综合作用。地形起伏度、年平均气温和年平均降水量等是主要的自然作用力,人均粮食产量、总人口数和乡村人口比重等是关键人文驱动力。其中,任意两个因子的交互作用对乡村聚落用地规模空间格局的影响均强于单个因子的影响。④各因素之间的交互作用对黄土高原地区乡村聚落用地规模格局的影响差异显著。自然地理因素与社会经济因素的交互作用对黄土高原沟壑区、土石山区和高原风沙区的乡村聚落用地规模格局影响最为广泛,社会经济因素之间的交互作用对黄土丘陵沟壑区和河谷平原区乡村聚落用地规模格局具有明显的协同增强效应,粮食生产与区位条件对灌溉农业区的乡村聚落用地规模格局具有显著的协同增强效应。

关键词: 乡村聚落, 用地规模, 时空演变, 样带分析, 影响因素, 地理探测器, 黄土高原

Abstract:

Examining the change of rural settlement land scale and its influencing factors is of great theoretical and practical significance for optimizing the spatial pattern of rural settlements and implementing the national strategy of rural revitalization. In this study, the spatial distribution and scale of rural settlement land in the Loess Plateau between 1990 and 2015 were examined using the rank-size analysis, kernel density analysis, and geographical detector and the ArcGIS10.2 software. The influencing factors and driving mechanism of rural settlement land scale pattern are revealed. The results show that: (1) Since 1990, the number of rural settlement patches and the scale of land use in the Loess Plateau have shown an overall increasing trend, of which the number of rural settlement patches increased most obviously from 2000 to 2005, and the scale of land use expanded most obviously from 2005 to 2010. (2) The scale of rural settlements in the Loess Plateau is in a stage of unbalanced development, and the spatial distribution of rural settlements shows clear historical inheritance, which is manifested in overall expansion and local filling. (3) The formation of rural settlement land scale pattern in the Loess Plateau is affected by multiple factors. Topographic relief, annual average temperature, and annual average precipitation are the main natural forces, and per capita grain output, total population, and the proportion of rural population are the key human driving forces. The influence of any combination of two factors on the regional difference of rural settlement land scale is stronger than that of a single factor. (4) The interaction of various factors has significant influence on the scale pattern of rural settlement in the Loess Plateau. The interaction of natural geographical factors and socioeconomic factors has the most extensive influence on the scale pattern of rural settlement land in the gully region, the rocky mountain area, and the aeolian sand area of the Loess Plateau. The interaction between socioeconomic factors has obvious synergistic effect on the scale pattern of rural settlement land in the hilly and gully areas of the Loess Plateau and in valley plain areas. Grain production and location have an obvious synergistic effect on the scale pattern of rural settlement land in the irrigation agricultural areas.

Key words: rural settlement, land use scale, spatiotemporal change, transect analysis, influencing factors, geographical detector, Loess Plateau

杨凯悦, 宋永永, 薛东前. 黄土高原乡村聚落用地时空演变与影响因素[J]. 资源科学, 2020, 42(7): 1311-1324.

YANG Kaiyue, SONG Yongyong, XUE Dongqian. Spatiotemporal change of rural settlement land in the Loess Plateau and influencing factors[J]. Resources Science, 2020, 42(7): 1311-1324.

图/表 7

图1

表1

图2

图3

图4

表2

表3

黄土高原乡村聚落用地规模影响因子交互探测结果"

序号	全区		黄土高原沟壑区		黄土丘陵沟壑区		河谷平原区		农业灌溉区		土石山区		高原风沙区
序号	交互因子	q	交互因子	q	交互因子	q	交互因子	q	交互因子	q	交互因子	q	交互因子	q
1	X₁∩X₁₂ (NE)	0.376	X₂∩X₇ (NE)	0.508	X₁₂∩X₁₃ (BE)	0.705	X₄∩X₇ (BE)	0.759	X₁₂∩X₁₃ (BE)	0.862	X₁∩X₈ (NE)	0.739	X₅∩X₁₄ (NE)	0.976
2	X₃∩X₁₂ (NE)	0.375	X₇∩X₁₀ (NE)	0.505	X₁₀∩X₁₄ (NE)	0.638	X₇∩X₁₁ (NE)	0.757	X₁₀∩X₁₄ (NE)	0.838	X₁∩X₁₁ (NE)	0.699	X₇∩X₁₄ (NE)	0.976
3	X₂∩X₄ (NE)	0.341	X₃∩X₇ (NE)	0.477	X₇∩X₁₃ (NE)	0.631	X₇∩X₁₃ (NE)	0.741	X₇∩X₁₃ (BE)	0.808	X₂∩X₈ (BE)	0.666	X₁∩X₄ (BE)	0.922
4	X₃∩X₄ (NE)	0.340	X₄∩X₇ (NE)	0.474	X₅∩X₁₃ (NE)	0.623	X₇∩X₁₀ (NE)	0.735	X₅∩X₁₃ (BE)	0.805	X₁∩X₁₃ (NE)	0.638	X₄∩X₆ (NE)	0.922
5	X₇∩X₁₂ (NE)	0.314	X₁∩X₇ (NE)	0.461	X₁₂∩X₁₄ (BE)	0.622	X₇∩X₉ (NE)	0.719	X₁₂∩X₁₄ (BE)	0.803	X₁∩X₄ (BE)	0.629	X₂∩X₁₁ (BE)	0.908
6	X₁∩X₉ (NE)	0.305	X₇∩X₁₃ (NE)	0.453	X₁₁∩X₁₃ (NE)	0.616	X1∩X₇ (BE)	0.715	X₁₁∩X₁₃ (NE)	0.736	X₁∩X₁₂ (NE)	0.619	X₉∩X₁₀ (NE)	0.907
7	X₃∩X₉ (NE)	0.305	X₇∩X₉ (BE)	0.453	X₁₀∩X₁₃ (NE)	0.602	X₇∩X₈ (NE)	0.707	X₁₀∩X₁₃ (BE)	0.729	X₁∩X₁₀ (NE)	0.609	X₄∩X₁₄ (BE)	0.729
8	X₈∩X₁₁ (NE)	0.293	X₇∩X₈ (BE)	0.44	X₇∩X₁₂ (NE)	0.552	X₅∩X₇ (BE)	0.703	X₇∩X₁₂ (BE)	0.717	X₁∩X₁₄ (NE)	0.598	X₁₀∩X₁₄ (NE)	0.728
9	X₂∩X₁₂ (NE)	0.292	X₇∩X₁₁ (BE)	0.423	X₅∩X₁₂ (NE)	0.537	X₆∩X₇ (BE)	0.700	X₅∩X₁₂ (BE)	0.716	X₁∩X₇ (NE)	0.595	X₃∩X₁₄ (NE)	0.727
10	X₄∩X₁₄ (NE)	0.292	X₇∩X₁₄ (NE)	0.418	X₁₀∩X₁₂ (BE)	0.517	X₂∩X₇ (BE)	0.698	X₁₀∩X₁₂ (BE)	0.715	X₃∩X₉ (NE)	0.593	X₈∩X₁₄ (NE)	0.727
11	X₁∩X₄ (NE)	0.278	X₁₀∩X₁₄ (NE)	0.406	X₈∩X₁₂ (NE)	0.51	X₃∩X₇ (BE)	0.695	X₈∩X₁₂ (BE)	0.714	X₁∩X₅ (BE)	0.583	X₁₂∩X₁₄ (NE)	0.727
12	X₁₁∩X₁₂ (NE)	0.278	X₇∩X₁₂ (BE)	0.377	X₄∩X₈ (NE)	0.500	X₇∩X₁₄ (NE)	0.676	X₄∩X₈ (NE)	0.710	X₂∩X₁₁ (NE)	0.581	X₁₀∩X₁₃ (NE)	0.709
13	X₄∩X₆ (NE)	0.277	X₅∩X₇ (BE)	0.372	X₁∩X₁₂ (BE)	0.487	X₇∩X₁₂ (NE)	0.659	X₁∩X₁₂ (NE)	0.708	X₂∩X₁₃ (NE)	0.567	X₃∩X₁₃ (NE)	0.708
14	X₁₂∩X₁₄ (NE)	0.276	X₆∩X₇ (BE)	0.363	X₃∩X₁₂ (BE)	0.480	X₄∩X₆ (NE)	0.616	X₃∩X₁₂ (BE)	0.706	X₉∩X₁₄ (NE)	0.563	X₈∩X₁₃ (NE)	0.708
15	X₉∩X₁₂ (NE)	0.267	X₈∩X₁₂ (BE)	0.358	X₃∩X₁₃ (NE)	0.474	X₄∩X₁₃ (NE)	0.532	X₃∩X₁₃ (NE)	0.703	X₉∩X₁₅ (NE)	0.558	X₁₂∩X₁₃ (NE)	0.708
16	X₁∩X₁₃ (NE)	0.263	X₁₁∩X₁₄ (NE)	0.327	X₈∩X₁₃ (NE)	0.471	X₄∩X₈ (NE)	0.518	X₈∩X₁₃ (BE)	0.701	X₉∩X₁₆ (NE)	0.556	X₄∩X₁₁ (NE)	0.693
17	X₃∩X₁₃ (NE)	0.263	X₉∩X₁₄ (BE)	0.308	X₆∩X₁₂ (BE)	0.470	X₄∩X₁₁ (NE)	0.514	X₆∩X₁₂ (BE)	0.695	X₉∩X₁₇ (NE)	0.553	X₂∩X₄ (NE)	0.691
18	X₁₂∩X₁₃ (NE)	0.256	X₂∩X₁₄ (NE)	0.306	X₁₃∩X₁₄ (NE)	0.469	X₄∩X₉ (NE)	0.466	X₁₃∩X₁₄ (NE)	0.691	X₉∩X₁₈ (NE)	0.549	X₂∩X₁₃ (NE)	0.691
19	X₇∩X₉ (NE)	0.254	X₂∩X₉ (NE)	0.296	X₄∩X₁₂ (BE)	0.465	X₄∩X₁₀ (NE)	0.458	X₄∩X₁₂ (BE)	0.690	X₉∩X₁₉ (NE)	0.549	X₄∩X₁₃ (NE)	0.691
20	X₂∩X₇ (NE)	0.252	X₂∩X₁₁ (NE)	0.288	X₉∩X₁₂ (BE)	0.461	X₈∩X₁₁ (NE)	0.452	X₉∩X₁₂ (BE)	0.690	X₉∩X₂₀ (NE)	0.549	X₁∩X₁₄ (BE)	0.600

表3

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年份	总斑块数/个	总斑块面积/km²	斑块面积平均值/km²	斑块面积标准差
1990	78340	11812.78	150788.58	208472.92
1995	74944	11822.26	157747.91	209999.29
2000	79291	12418.70	156621.76	225893.80
2005	80483	12995.92	161474.05	236593.01
2010	84366	14525.49	172172.35	322112.72
2015	85463	15021.10	175761.47	353738.55

q	全区	黄土高原沟壑区	黄土丘陵沟壑区	河谷平原区	灌溉农业区	土石山区	高原风沙区
X₁	0.055***	0.063	0.131	0.070	0.081	0.455***	0.045
X₂	0.050**	0.090	0.195	0.099	0.001*	0.433*	0.197
X₃	0.014	0.033	0.027	0.086	0.071	0.063	0.117
X₄	0.159***	0.049	0.387***	0.177	0.096	0.232**	0.191
X₅	0.045***	0.053	0.002	0.148**	0.449**	0.111	0.016
X₆	0.038**	0.091	0.011	0.126	0.225*	0.063	0.045
X₇	0.121***	0.352***	0.029	0.640***	0.422*	0.016	0.016
X₈	0.080***	0.124**	0.225	0.294**	0.469*	0.236	0.117
X₉	0.023	0.154***	0.310	0.148**	0.191*	0.121	0.096
X₁₀	0.032	0.105	0.060	0.203	0.378	0.033	0.115
X₁₁	0.041**	0.117*	0.279*	0.088	0.063	0.025	0.184
X₁₂	0.170***	0.058	0.093	0.073	0.650***	0.061	0.117
X₁₃	0.044**	0.039	0.053	0.088	0.425	0.082	0.260
X₁₄	0.013	0.035	0.086	0.025	0.157	0.083	0.394