村镇建设资源环境承载力的理论基础与测算体系

doi:10.18402/resci.2020.07.02

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

伴随快速工业化和城镇化,中国不少村镇出现“五化”（非农化、老弱化、空废化、污损化、贫困化）现象,成为制约中国建成全面小康社会的障碍。构建村镇建设资源环境承载力的理论与测算方法体系有助于支持村镇因地制宜、充分利用当地水、土等资源优势,振兴乡村经济,改善村居环境,提升居民幸福感。本文梳理了资源环境承载力的研究脉络、应用领域与尺度特征,并以村镇地域系统为对象,从综合性与地域性视角界定了村镇建设资源环境承载力的概念,从承载力与承载体及其相互关系切入,剖析了村镇建设资源环境承载力的内涵和外延。在对村镇建设类型总结的基础上,分析了不同类型村镇建设与资源环境要素的互馈关系,探讨了村镇建设与资源环境承载力的相互作用机理。最后,通过指标体系与系统模型构建,采用“短板原理”,初步构建了村镇建设资源环境承载力测算体系的理论模型。本文主要贡献为完善了资源环境承载力的理论体系以及系统评估方法,同时对于乡村振兴具有一定理论与实践意义。

关键词: 资源环境承载力, 村镇建设类型, 互馈关系, 理论基础, 测算体系

Abstract:

With the rapid industrialization and urbanization, many villages and towns in China have experienced the phenomenon of “five problems” (non-agriculturalization of the economy, population ageing, rural settlement decay, rural environment pollution, and rural poverty), which has become a major constrain to the construction of a well-off society in China. For this reason, it is urgent to establish the theoretical foundations and a measurement system for evaluating resource and environmental carrying capacity of villages and towns. The evaluation will help village and town development to adapt to local conditions, make full use of local water and soil resources and environmental and ecological advantages, revitalize the rural economy, improve the village living environment, and enhance residents’ happiness. This article first reviewed the research context, application domains, and scale characteristics of carrying capacity. Taking the regional system of villages and towns as the research object, the concept of the carrying capacity of resources and environment in villages and towns was defined from a comprehensive and regional perspective. We also analyzed the connotation and extension of the resource and environmental carrying capacity of villages and towns. Based on the summary of different types of village and town development, the mutual feedback relationship between different types of village and town development and resources and environmental factors was analyzed, and the mechanism of influence of village and town resource and environmental carrying capacity was discussed. Finally, through the construction of an index system and a system model, the “shortcoming principle” was used to build the theoretical model of the measurement system for the resource and environmental carrying capacity of villages and towns. This study extends the theoretical system and assessment methods of carrying capacity of resources and the environment at the village and town level, and it also has some theoretical and practical significance for the program of rural revitalization in contemporary China.

Key words: resource and environmental carrying capacity, village and town development types, mutual feedback, theoretical foundations, measurement system

段学军, 王雅竹, 康珈瑜, 柏培源. 村镇建设资源环境承载力的理论基础与测算体系[J]. 资源科学, 2020, 42(7): 1236-1248.

DUAN Xuejun, WANG Yazhu, KANG JiaYu, BAI Peiyuan. Theoretical foundations and measurement system of resource and environmental carrying capacity for village and town development[J]. Resources Science, 2020, 42(7): 1236-1248.

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视角	依据	类型
经济发展	经济水平	落后型、相对落后型、发展中类型、较发达型、发达型
	经济结构	均衡发展型、商旅服务型、工业主导型、农业主导型
	主导产业	畜牧养殖型、商贸流通型、休闲产业型、工业主导型、旅游产业型
地理环境	生态环境	生态保护优先型、生态生产并重型、城镇化发展型
	地形地貌	平原型、山地型、丘陵型
	发展与管控	集聚提升型、城郊融合型、特色保护型、搬迁撤并型
	区位	远郊村型、城郊村型、城中村型

类型	特征	案例
小农经济	以自给自足的粮食作物、经济作物种植活动为主要经济活动的村镇	遵义市新场村
大农经济	以规模化种植的粮食作物、经济作物为主要经济活动的村镇	上海市金山区张堰镇旧港村
工业发展	以制造、加工等工业化手段为主要发展途径的村镇	渭南市富平县梅家坪镇岔口村
商旅服务	以农家乐、旅游休闲等商服旅游业为主要发展途径的村镇	安徽省查济村
生态保育	存在小规模的人类生产生活活动,以生态环境保护为主的村镇	甘南州迭部县尼欠村

评价体系	评价要素	计算方式	单位
压力	农村人均可支配收入	农村人均可支配收入	元/人
	人均生活用水量	人均生活用水量	t/人
	人均GDP	GDP/常住人口	万元/人
	第三产业占GDP比例	第三产业增加值/GDP	%
	人均生活污水排放量	生活污水排放总量/人口	t/人
状态	产水系数	水资源总量/年降雨总量	无量纲
	水资源开发利用程度	总用水量/水资源总量	无量纲
	人均水资源量	水资源总量/人口	t/人
	水资源供需比	年水资源供给量/年水资源消耗量	无量纲
	水体等级	水质等级	无量纲
响应	用水丰度	年水资源供给量/区域面积	t/km²
	再生水利用率	再生水利用量/污水处理量	%
	污水处理率	污水处理量/排污总量	%
	水环境优良度	监测断面水质量高于Ⅲ类水天数/监测总天数	%

评价体系		评价要素	计算方式	单位
压力	建设用地	空间布局不合理度	包含平均地块面积、地块密度、边界密度指数、面积加权形状指数、地块数量破碎化指数等指标的综合	无量纲
	建设用地	建设用地闲置率	建设用地闲置量/建设用地总量	%
	耕地	耕地经营破碎度	耕地斑块数量/耕地总面积	个/hm²
	耕地	耕地土壤盐渍化程度	土壤层0.2 m厚度内可溶盐含量	mS/cm
	生态用地	生态退化度	包括生物多样性、景观格局指数变化的综合	无量纲
	生态用地	土壤侵蚀程度	平均侵蚀模数	t/(hm²·a)
状态	建设用地	人均二、三产业产值	二、三产业增加值/常住人口	万元/人
	建设用地	人口密度	常住人口/土地面积	人/km²
	耕地	人均粮食产量	粮食总产量/常住人口	t/人
	耕地	消纳畜禽养殖排污	区域养殖排污量/耕地面积	t/hm²
	生态用地	气候调节功能	生态用地面积	km²
	生态用地	水源涵养功能	水源地保护区面积	km²
响应	建设用地	建设用地集约利用水平	GDP/建设用地面积	万元/km²
	耕地	基本农田占耕地面积比例	基本农田面积/耕地总面积	%
	生态用地	受保护地占比例	生态保护地/区域总面积	%

评价体系		评价要素	计算方式	单位
压力	环境污染	废水排放量	年废水排放量	t
		化肥施用量	年化肥施用量	t
		农药施用量	年农药施用量	t
状态	资源利用	人均耕地面积	耕地面积/常住人口	hm²/人
	资源利用	人均水资源量	水资源量/常住人口	t/人
	环境质量	水环境优良度	监测断面水质量高于Ⅲ类水天数/监测总天数	%
	环境质量	大气优良度	年大气优良天数/监测总天数	%
响应	人口经济发展	人口规模	常住人口规模	人
	人口经济发展	非农产业发展	二、三产业增加值/GDP	%
	生态环境变化	植被覆盖率	植被覆盖率	%
		景观破碎化程度	生态用地斑块/区域总面积	个/km²
		生物丰富度	群落中物种数目/群落面积	个/km²
		自然灾害次数	年自然灾害发生次数	次
		水土流失面积	年水土流失面积	km²
	生态环境保护政策	环保投资比例	环保投资额/固定资产投资总额	%
	生态环境保护政策	受保护地区面积比例	保护区面积/区域总面积	%