资源科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (5): 801-811.doi: 10.18402/resci.2020.05.01
• 资源经济 • 下一篇
收稿日期:
2019-09-06
修回日期:
2020-01-08
出版日期:
2020-05-25
发布日期:
2020-07-25
通讯作者:
奚剑明
作者简介:
曹和平,男,陕西渭南人,教授,研究方向为发展金融理论、环境与资源经济学。E-mail:cheping@pku.edu.cn
CAO Heping, XI Jianming(), CHEN Yuezhuo
Received:
2019-09-06
Revised:
2020-01-08
Online:
2020-05-25
Published:
2020-07-25
Contact:
Jianming XI
摘要:
城镇居民对环境治理的边际支付意愿是社会环境偏好最为直接的度量参数,也是环境制度改革和细则政策出台的基础依据。本文使用1994—2015年中国省级面板数据,选择居民环境偏好的指标度量,对影响中国城镇居民环境偏好指标的主要因素分析发现,居民收入水平、环境污染程度、地区城镇化水平以及居民受教育水平等因素与城镇居民对环境的偏好程度存在相关关系,可作为居民优质环境支付意愿的度量基础。根据测算,若年均减少1 t工业废气排放,中国居民边际环境改进的支付意愿为0.21元。与发达国家相比,中国仍处在较低的环境支付意愿水平上。本文创新性地引入环境偏好概念,使用中国各省居民对环境的信访数据作为衡量消费者对环境偏好程度的代理变量,通过测算城镇居民对环境治理的边际支付意愿,为政府进行环境污染治理问题的决策提供了可量化的政策依据。
曹和平, 奚剑明, 陈玥卓. 城镇居民对环境治理的边际支付意愿[J]. 资源科学, 2020, 42(5): 801-811.
CAO Heping, XI Jianming, CHEN Yuezhuo. Urban residents’ marginal willingness to pay for environmental pollution control[J]. Resources Science, 2020, 42(5): 801-811.
表1
各省面板数据统计特征"
变量 | 单位 | 平均值 | 标准差 | 中位数 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
visit | 人次 | 3156 | 2617 | 2598 | 0 | 16373 |
letter | 件 | 9652 | 14597 | 4381 | 1 | 115392 |
pol_water | 万t/人 | 16.508 | 10.191 | 14.194 | 1.146 | 94.950 |
pol_gas | 亿标m3/人 | 2.690 | 2.698 | 1.876 | 0.038 | 25.788 |
apf | 1/10000 | 5.520 | 3.931 | 5.123 | 0.000 | 45.957 |
pol_fee | 亿元 | 3.570 | 4.039 | 2.199 | 0.000 | 27.686 |
unemp | % | 3.440 | 0.923 | 3.500 | 0.400 | 7.400 |
city_cons | 农村=1 | 3.034 | 0.780 | 2.955 | 1.453 | 8.869 |
log_gdp | 万元 | 2.064 | 2.057 | 1.250 | 0.123 | 10.796 |
fgdp | % | 0.155 | 0.085 | 0.146 | 0.004 | 0.489 |
sgdp | % | 0.444 | 0.084 | 0.459 | 0.148 | 0.594 |
log_edu | 年 | 7.801 | 1.426 | 7.930 | 2.250 | 12.150 |
表2
信访人次及来访信件模型的面板回归结果"
模型被解释变量 | 固定效应 | 固定效应 | 随机效应 | 随机效应 | 引入人均GDP平方项 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
信访人次 | 来访信件 | 信访人次 | 来访信件 | ||
pol_water | -0.004 | 0.002 | -0.004 | 0.005* | -0.003 |
(-1.620) | (0.740) | (-1.710) | (2.080) | (-1.460) | |
pol_gas | 0.026** | -0.017 | 0.008 | -0.053*** | 0.025* |
(-2.640) | (-1.340) | (0.780) | (-4.610) | (2.480) | |
apf | -0.014* | 0.004 | -0.022*** | -0.008 | -0.013* |
(-2.380) | (0.560) | (-3.650) | (-1.160) | (-2.130) | |
pol_fee | -0.015* | -0.017 | 0.005 | 0.011 | -0.016* |
(-2.020) | (-1.840) | (0.700) | (1.310) | (-2.120) | |
unemp | 0.068*** | 0.217*** | 0.066*** | 0.181*** | 0.070*** |
(-3.520) | (8.890) | (3.350) | (7.650) | (3.580) | |
city_cons | -0.068* | 0.195*** | -0.092*** | 0.158*** | -0.066* |
(-2.420) | (5.610) | (-3.310) | (4.810) | (-2.360) | |
log_gdp | -0.488*** | -0.460** | -0.651*** | -0.479*** | -0.983 |
(-3.660) | (-2.800) | (-5.190) | (-3.340) | (-1.330) | |
log_gdp_sqr | 0.112 | ||||
(0.680) | |||||
fgdp | -2.039** | -3.492*** | -0.740 | -2.426*** | -2.129 |
(-3.080) | (-4.280) | (-1.230) | (-3.670) | (-3.150) | |
sgdp | -0.557 | 0.590 | 0.660 | 1.284** | -0.518 |
(-1.360) | (1.150) | (1.750) | (3.000) | (-1.250) | |
log_edu | 1.123* | 3.598*** | 2.713*** | 4.556*** | 1.184* |
(-1.980) | (5.140) | (5.660) | (8.930) | (2.060) | |
_cons | 4.923*** | 1.269 | 3.547*** | 0.274 | 5.872*** |
(6.950) | (5.350) | (1.430) | (0.360) | (3.770) |
表3
对信访人次及来访信件的双向固定效应模型回归结果"
模型 | 固定效应 | 固定效应 |
---|---|---|
被解释变量 | 信访人次 | 来访信件 |
pol_water | -0.004 | 0.001 |
(-1.790) | (0.280) | |
pol_gas | 0.019* | 0.006 |
(2.010) | (0.660) | |
apf | -0.016** | -0.008 |
(-2.820) | (-1.360) | |
pol_fee | -0.008 (-1.140) | -0.010 (-1.480) |
unemp | 0.073*** (3.400) | 0.071*** (3.370) |
log_cons | -0.664* (-2.120) | 0.650* (2.130) |
fgdp | -1.172 (-1.670) | -0.041 (-0.060) |
sgdp | -0.134 (-0.300) | 1.544*** (3.520) |
log_edu | 1.081 (-0.300) | 1.937*** (3.520) |
_cons | 1.081 (1.820) | 1.937*** (3.400) |
表4
居民消费水平作为解释变量回归结果"
对信访人次回归 | 系数 | 标准差 | t统计量 | P值 | 95%置信区间 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
上限 | 下限 | |||||
pol_water | -0.0029 | 0.0024 | -1.19 | 0.233 | -0.0077 | 0.0019 |
pol_gas | 0.0013 | 0.0093 | 2.39 | 0.006 | -0.0054 | 0.0312 |
apf | -0.0067 | 0.0056 | -1.20 | 0.229 | -0.0177 | 0.0043 |
pol_fee | -0.0238 | 0.0070 | -3.40 | 0.001 | -0.0376 | 0.0100 |
unemp | 0.0534 | 0.0193 | 2.76 | 0.006 | 0.0155 | 0.0913 |
city_cons | -0.0487 | 0.0278 | -1.75 | 0.080 | -0.1033 | 0.0059 |
consume | -6.09e-06 | 0.0005 | -2.33 | 0.009 | -0.0008 | 0.0003 |
fgdp | -0.9591 | 0.5856 | -1.64 | 0.102 | -2.1089 | 0.1906 |
sgdp | -0.7279 | 0.4377 | -1.66 | 0.097 | -1.5873 | 0.1314 |
log_edu | 0.2668 | 0.5139 | 0.52 | 0.604 | -0.7422 | 1.2759 |
_cons | 3.6384 | 0.6104 | 5.96 | 0.000 | 2.4398 | 4.8369 |
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