城镇居民对环境治理的边际支付意愿

doi:10.18402/resci.2020.05.01

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

城镇居民对环境治理的边际支付意愿是社会环境偏好最为直接的度量参数,也是环境制度改革和细则政策出台的基础依据。本文使用1994—2015年中国省级面板数据,选择居民环境偏好的指标度量,对影响中国城镇居民环境偏好指标的主要因素分析发现,居民收入水平、环境污染程度、地区城镇化水平以及居民受教育水平等因素与城镇居民对环境的偏好程度存在相关关系,可作为居民优质环境支付意愿的度量基础。根据测算,若年均减少1 t工业废气排放,中国居民边际环境改进的支付意愿为0.21元。与发达国家相比,中国仍处在较低的环境支付意愿水平上。本文创新性地引入环境偏好概念,使用中国各省居民对环境的信访数据作为衡量消费者对环境偏好程度的代理变量,通过测算城镇居民对环境治理的边际支付意愿,为政府进行环境污染治理问题的决策提供了可量化的政策依据。

关键词: 环境偏好, 环境政策, 边际支付意愿, 替代效应, 环境信访, 环境污染

Abstract:

Residents’ marginal willingness to pay for the environment is the most direct measurement of social-environmental preference, and is the basis of environmental system reform and detailed policies. Based on the panel data of 31 provinces in China’s mainland from 1993 to 2015, this study selected the indicators for measuring residents’ environmental preference and analyzed the main factors affecting the environmental preference of urban residents in China. It is found that factors such as residents’ income level, environmental pollution level, regional urbanization level, and residents’ education level are related to the environmental preference of urban residents, which can be used as the indicators of residents’ willingness-to-pay for the high-quality environment. According to the results, if the annual average emission of industrial waste gas is reduced by 1 ton, the marginal willingness-to-pay of Chinese urban residents for the environment improvement is 0.21 yuan. Compared with developed countries, China is still at a low level of willingness-to-pay for the environment. This study innovatively introduces the concept of environmental preference, uses the petition data of Chinese residents to the environment as the proxy variable to measure the degree of consumers’ environmental preference, and measures the marginal willingness-to-pay of urban residents for environmental governance, which provides a quantifiable basis for the government to make decisions on environmental pollution control.

Key words: environmental preferences, environmental policies, marginal willingness-to-pay, substitution effects, environmental petition, environmental pollution

曹和平, 奚剑明, 陈玥卓. 城镇居民对环境治理的边际支付意愿[J]. 资源科学, 2020, 42(5): 801-811.

CAO Heping, XI Jianming, CHEN Yuezhuo. Urban residents’ marginal willingness to pay for environmental pollution control[J]. Resources Science, 2020, 42(5): 801-811.

图/表 6

图1

图2

表1

表2

表3

表4

参考文献 31

[1]	Arora S, Gangopadhyay S. Toward a theoretical model of voluntary overcompliance[J]. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 1995,28(3):289-309.
[2]	Crescenzi R, Holman N, Orru E. Why do they return? Beyond the economic drivers of graduate return migration[J]. The Annals of Regional Science, 2017,59(23):603-627.
[3]	Cofala J, Syri S. Nitrogen Oxides Emissions, Abatement Technologies and Related Costs for Europe in the RAINS Model Database[R]. IIASA Interim Report, 1998.
[4]	Arabomen J, Chirwa W, Babalola D. Willingness-to-pay for environmental services provided by trees in core and fringe areas of Benin City, Nigeria[J]. International Forestry Review, 2019,21(1):23-36.
[5]	Yvonne F, Katrin Z. Consumers’ preferences for carbon labels and the underlying reasoning: A mixed methods approach in 6 European countries[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018,178:740-748.
[6]	史兴民, 雷贤. 居民对PM2.5 的感知与降低风险的行为选择、支付意愿[J]. 科学决策, 2018, (6):63-77.
	[ Shi X M, Lei X. Local residents’ perception of PM2.5, behavior selection and willingness to pay of reducing health risks in Xi’an[J]. Scientific Decision Making, 2018, (6):63-77.]
[7]	冯骥, 李想, 赵正, 等. 北京城市绿地价值评价研究: 基于市民不确定性支付意愿的分析[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2020,34(2):96-101.
	[ Feng J, Li X, Zhao Z, et al. Evaluation of urban green spaces value in Beijing: Based on the respondent uncertainty of citizens[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2020,34(2):96-101.]
[8]	郭秀艳. 煤炭矿区居民生态文明建设支付意愿调查[J]. 财经理论研究, 2019, (4):103-112.
	[ Guo X Y. Research on the willingness to pay for ecological civilization construction of residents in coal mining area[J]. Journal of Finance and Economics Theory, 2019, (4):103-112.]
[9]	何可, 张俊飚, 田云. 农业废弃物资源化生态补偿支付意愿的影响因素及其差异性分析: 基于湖北省农户调查的实证研究[J]. 资源科学, 2013,35(3):627-637.
	[ He K, Zhang J B, Tian Y. Influencing factors and differences in farmer willingness to pay for ecological compensation of agricultural waste utilization: Based on rural areas of Hubei[J]. Resources Science, 2013,35(3):627-637.]
[10]	周晟吕, 李月寒, 胡静, 等. 基于问卷调查的上海市大气环境质量改善的支付意愿研究[J]. 长江流域资源与环境, 2018,27(11):2419-2424.
	[ Zhou S L, Li Y H, Hu J, et al. Willing-to-pay for improvement of air quality in Shanghai based on questionnaire survey[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2018,27(11):2419-2424.]
[11]	高婷, 李国星, 胥美美, 等. 基于支付意愿的大气PM2.5 健康经济学损失评价[J]. 环境与健康, 2015,32(8):43-46.
	[ Gao T, Li G X, Xu M M, et al. Health economic loss evaluation of ambient PM2.5 pollution based on willingness to pay[J]. Journal of Environment and Health, 2015,32(8):43-46.]
[12]	许志华, 郑睿臻, 曾贤刚, 等. 降低PM2.5健康风险的支付意愿及影响因素研究[J]. 软科学, 2016,30(10):66-69.
	[ Xu Z H, Zheng R Z, Zeng X G, et al. Study on the willingness to pay for reductions of health risks caused by PM2.5[J]. Soft Science, 2016,30(10):66-69.]
[13]	张锐, 刘焱序, 赵嵩, 等. 中国城市居民对青藏高原生态资产的支付意愿: 以中国27市为例[J]. 自然资源学报, 2020,35(3):563-575.
	[ Zhang R, Liu Y X, Zhao S, et al. Chinese urban residents’ willingness to pay for ecosystem service of the Tibetan Plateau: A case study of 27 cities in China[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2020,35(3):563-575.]
[14]	李艳春. 城乡居民环境意识差异分析[J]. 哈尔滨工业大学学报(社会科学版), 2019,21(5):121-126.
	[ Li Y C. Analysis of differences in environmental awareness between urban and rural residents[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology (Social Sciences Edition), 2019,21(5):121-126.]
[15]	闫三曼. 中国居民环境行为及其影响因素分析: 基于CGSS2013数据[J]. 石家庄铁道大学学报(社会科学版), 2017,11(3):25-31.
	[ Yan S M. An analysis of environmental behavior and its influencing factors of Chinese residents: Based on CGSS2013 data[J]. Journal of Shijiazhuang Tiedao University (Social Science Edition), 2017,11(3):25-31.]
[16]	袁亚运. 中国居民环境行为及影响因素研究: 基于 CGSS2013 数据[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2016,30(4):40-45.
	[ Yuan Y Y. An empirical analysis on residents’ environmental behavior and influence factors in China: Based on CGSS2013 data[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2016,30(4):40-45.]
[17]	王玉君, 韩冬临. 经济发展、环境污染与公众环保行为: 基于中国 CGSS2013数据的多层分析[J]. 中国人民大学学报, 2016,30(2):79-92.
	[ Wang Y J, Han D L. Economic development, environmental pollution and public pro-environmental behavior: A multi-level analysis of the 2013 Chinese general social survey[J]. Journal of Renmin University of China, 2016,30(2):79-92.]
[18]	朱清, 余瑞祥, 李彦军. 基于居民环境偏好的两型社会经济学分析[J]. 软科学, 2012,26(6):48-52.
	[ Zhu Q, Yu R X, Li Y J. Research on two-type society economy based on residential environmental preference[J]. Soft Science, 2012,26(6):48-52. ]
[19]	Franzen A, Meyer R. Environmental attitudes in cross-national perspective: A multilevel analysis of the ISSP 1993 and 2000[J]. European Sociological Review, 2010,26(2):219-234.
[20]	Veisten K, Hoen H F, Navrud S, et al. Scope insensitivity in contingent valuation of complex environmental amenities[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2004,73(4):317-331. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.07.008 pmid: 15531390
[21]	史兴民. 城市居民燃放烟花爆竹行为的影响因素分析[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2015,29(10):68-73.
	[ Shi X M. An empirical study on the factors influencing the residents burning fireworks behavior[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2015,29(10):68-73.]
[22]	张世秋, 胡敏, 胡守丽. 中国小城市妇女的环境意识与消费选择[J]. 中国软科学, 2000, (5):12-16.
	[ Zhang S Q, Hu M, Hu S L. The environmental awareness and consumption options of the women in small cities in China[J]. China Soft Science, 2000, (5):12-16.]
[23]	Witzke H P, Urfei G. Willingness to pay for environmental protection in Germany: Coping with the regional dimension[J]. Regional Studies, 2001,35(3):207-214.
[24]	张欣钰, 唐晓华, 周帅. 环境、经济、就业多重约束下的制造业产业结构优化调整研究: 以东北地区为例[J]. 经济体制改革, 2019, (3):86-93.
	[ Zhang X Y, Tang X H, Zhou S. Study on adjustment and optimization of manufacturing industry structure under multi-constraint of environment, economy and employment: Taking Northeast China as an example[J]. Reform of the Economic System, 2019, (3):86-93.]
[25]	Welsch H. Preferences over prosperity and pollution: Environmental valuation based on happiness surveys[J]. Kyklos, 2002,55(4):473-494.
[26]	徐志, 马静, 贾金生, 等. 水能资源开发利用程度国际比较[J]. 水利水电科技进展, 2018,38(1):63-67.
	[ Xu Z, Ma J, Jia J S, et al. International comparison of hydropower resources development[J]. Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources, 2018,38(1):63-67.]
[27]	李晓西, 刘一萌, 宋涛. 人类绿色发展指数的测算[J]. 中国社会科学, 2014, (6):69-95.
	[ Li X X, Liu Y M, Song T. Calculation of the green development index[J]. Social Sciences in China, 2014, (6):69-95.]
[28]	庄贵阳, 谢海生. 破解资源环境约束的城镇化转型路径研究[J]. 中国地质大学学报(社会科学版), 2015,15(2):1-10.
	[ Zhuang G Y, Xie H S. Study on the path of urbanization transformation to break the constraints of resources and environment[J]. Journal of China University of Geosciences (Social Sciences Edition), 2015,15(2):1-10.]
[29]	郑思齐, 万广华, 孙伟增, 等. 公众诉求与城市环境治理[J]. 管理世界, 2013, (6):72-84.
	[ Zheng S Q, Wan G H, Sun W Z, et al. Public appeal and urban environmental governance[J]. Management World, 2013, (6):72-84.]
[30]	陈斌开, 林毅夫. 发展战略、城市化与中国城乡收入差距[J]. 中国社会科学, 2013, (4):81-102.
	[ Chen B K, Lin Y F. Development strategy, urbanization and the rural-urban income disparity in China[J]. Social Sciences in China, 2013, (4):81-102.]
[31]	乔榛. 一个基于效用视角的环境问题分析[J]. 当代经济研究, 2005, (2):53-56.
	[ Qiao Z. Analysis on environment from the view of utility[J]. Contemporary Economic Research, 2005, (2):53-56.]

变量	单位	平均值	标准差	中位数	最小值	最大值
visit	人次	3156	2617	2598	0	16373
letter	件	9652	14597	4381	1	115392
pol_water	万t/人	16.508	10.191	14.194	1.146	94.950
pol_gas	亿标m³/人	2.690	2.698	1.876	0.038	25.788
apf	1/10000	5.520	3.931	5.123	0.000	45.957
pol_fee	亿元	3.570	4.039	2.199	0.000	27.686
unemp	%	3.440	0.923	3.500	0.400	7.400
city_cons	农村=1	3.034	0.780	2.955	1.453	8.869
log_gdp	万元	2.064	2.057	1.250	0.123	10.796
fgdp	%	0.155	0.085	0.146	0.004	0.489
sgdp	%	0.444	0.084	0.459	0.148	0.594
log_edu	年	7.801	1.426	7.930	2.250	12.150

模型被解释变量	固定效应	固定效应	随机效应	随机效应	引入人均GDP平方项
模型被解释变量	信访人次	来访信件	信访人次	来访信件	引入人均GDP平方项
pol_water	-0.004	0.002	-0.004	0.005*	-0.003
	(-1.620)	(0.740)	(-1.710)	(2.080)	(-1.460)
pol_gas	0.026**	-0.017	0.008	-0.053***	0.025*
	(-2.640)	(-1.340)	(0.780)	(-4.610)	(2.480)
apf	-0.014*	0.004	-0.022***	-0.008	-0.013*
	(-2.380)	(0.560)	(-3.650)	(-1.160)	(-2.130)
pol_fee	-0.015*	-0.017	0.005	0.011	-0.016*
	(-2.020)	(-1.840)	(0.700)	(1.310)	(-2.120)
unemp	0.068***	0.217***	0.066***	0.181***	0.070***
	(-3.520)	(8.890)	(3.350)	(7.650)	(3.580)
city_cons	-0.068*	0.195***	-0.092***	0.158***	-0.066*
	(-2.420)	(5.610)	(-3.310)	(4.810)	(-2.360)
log_gdp	-0.488***	-0.460**	-0.651***	-0.479***	-0.983
	(-3.660)	(-2.800)	(-5.190)	(-3.340)	(-1.330)
log_gdp_sqr					0.112
					(0.680)
fgdp	-2.039**	-3.492***	-0.740	-2.426***	-2.129
	(-3.080)	(-4.280)	(-1.230)	(-3.670)	(-3.150)
sgdp	-0.557	0.590	0.660	1.284**	-0.518
	(-1.360)	(1.150)	(1.750)	(3.000)	(-1.250)
log_edu	1.123*	3.598***	2.713***	4.556***	1.184*
	(-1.980)	(5.140)	(5.660)	(8.930)	(2.060)
_cons	4.923***	1.269	3.547***	0.274	5.872***
	(6.950)	(5.350)	(1.430)	(0.360)	(3.770)

模型	固定效应	固定效应
被解释变量	信访人次	来访信件
pol_water	-0.004	0.001
	(-1.790)	(0.280)
pol_gas	0.019*	0.006
	(2.010)	(0.660)
apf	-0.016**	-0.008
	(-2.820)	(-1.360)
pol_fee	-0.008 (-1.140)	-0.010 (-1.480)
unemp	0.073*** (3.400)	0.071*** (3.370)
log_cons	-0.664* (-2.120)	0.650* (2.130)
fgdp	-1.172 (-1.670)	-0.041 (-0.060)
sgdp	-0.134 (-0.300)	1.544*** (3.520)
log_edu	1.081 (-0.300)	1.937*** (3.520)
_cons	1.081 (1.820)	1.937*** (3.400)

对信访人次回归	系数	标准差	t统计量	P值	95%置信区间
对信访人次回归	系数	标准差	t统计量	P值	上限	下限
pol_water	-0.0029	0.0024	-1.19	0.233	-0.0077	0.0019
pol_gas	0.0013	0.0093	2.39	0.006	-0.0054	0.0312
apf	-0.0067	0.0056	-1.20	0.229	-0.0177	0.0043
pol_fee	-0.0238	0.0070	-3.40	0.001	-0.0376	0.0100
unemp	0.0534	0.0193	2.76	0.006	0.0155	0.0913
city_cons	-0.0487	0.0278	-1.75	0.080	-0.1033	0.0059
consume	-6.09e-06	0.0005	-2.33	0.009	-0.0008	0.0003
fgdp	-0.9591	0.5856	-1.64	0.102	-2.1089	0.1906
sgdp	-0.7279	0.4377	-1.66	0.097	-1.5873	0.1314
log_edu	0.2668	0.5139	0.52	0.604	-0.7422	1.2759
_cons	3.6384	0.6104	5.96	0.000	2.4398	4.8369