黄河流域矿产资源开发的生态环境影响与空间管控路径

doi:10.18402/resci.2020.01.14

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

黄河流域作为中国的“能源流域”,合理有序开发矿产资源、统筹协调矿产资源开发与生态环境保护之间的关系,对于黄河流域能矿经济可持续发展和生态保护具有重要现实意义。本文以黄河流域为研究区,综合运用多指标综合评价法、胁迫耦合分析法和GIS空间分析等方法技术,从生态本底的脆弱程度、对重要生态功能区的空间胁迫性以及对重要生态环境因子的胁迫程度等多个层面,分析了区域矿产资源开发对生态环境的胁迫特征及空间分布,将黄河流域46个矿区城市划分为本底胁迫、生态功能胁迫、开发胁迫、本底+开发胁迫、开发+生态功能胁迫、本底+生态功能胁迫、全面胁迫和无胁迫8种不同类型区,并从生态环境保护的角度提出黄河流域矿产资源开发地区的管控路径：①空间管控：严格限制大规模高强度工业化城镇化开发,尤其是控制矿区的开发边界;②强度管控：针对于生态本底脆弱的地区,强度和总体开发规模的管控要兼而并举;③开发方式管控：注重能矿产业的结构调整与升级,在空间上要注重集中建设,宜矿则矿、宜工则工、宜聚则聚。

关键词: 矿产资源开发, 生态环境影响, 胁迫, 空间管控, 黄河流域

Abstract:

The Yellow River Basin is also known as China’s energy basin. Rational and orderly exploitation of mineral resources and overall coordination of the relationship between mineral resources exploitation and ecological environment protection are of great practical significance for the sustainable development of energy and mineral resources and ecological protection in the region. Taking the Yellow River Basin as the study area, this study comprehensively analyzed the characteristics and spatial distribution of environmental stress of regional mineral resources exploitation using multi-indicator comprehensive evaluation method, stress coupling analysis method, and GIS spatial analysis from the perspectives of ecological background fragility, spatial stress to important ecological function areas, and the degree of stress to important ecological environment factors. The 46 mining cities in the Yellow River Basin were divided into eight types, including background stress areas, ecological function stress areas, development stress areas, background with development stress areas, development with ecological function stress areas, background with ecological function stress areas, comprehensive stress areas, and no stress areas. Finally, the article put forward the control path of mineral resources development areas in the Yellow River Basin in view of ecological environment protection, including: (1) Spatial management and control by strictly restricting large-scale and high-intensity industrialization and urbanization development, especially controlling the development boundary of mining areas. (2) Intensity control for areas with fragile ecological background, the intensity and the overall development scale should be controlled simultaneously. (3) Development mode control to pay attention to the structural adjustment and upgrading of energy and mining industries. It is necessary to focus on spatially concentrated development of mining in places where mining is suitable, of industry where industrial development is suitable, and of cities and towns where urban development is suitable.

Key words: mineral resources exploitation, eco-environmental impact, stress, spatial control, Yellow River Basin

马丽, 田华征, 康蕾. 黄河流域矿产资源开发的生态环境影响与空间管控路径[J]. 资源科学, 2020, 42(1): 137-149.

MA Li, TIAN Huazheng, KANG Lei. Eco-environmental impact and spatial control of mineral resources exploitation in the Yellow River Basin[J]. Resources Science, 2020, 42(1): 137-149.

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一级指标	权重	二级指标	权重	指标说明及数据来源
地形特征	0.2	坡度	0.5	1：100万DEM生成
地形特征	0.2	海拔高度DEM	0.5	1：100万DEM
自然资源利用强度	0.3	生态生产力	0.3	县级单元生态用地比重数据
		水资源承载胁迫指数	0.3	区域水资源可持续利用强度/降水径流量
		土地利用强度	0.4	土地利用数据空间化
生态背景	0.4	干燥指数	0.3	区域降水量与蒸发量的比值
		水土流失敏感度	0.3	综合降水、土壤质地、地形和植被数据
		地表自然植被覆盖度	0.4	全国自然植被类型空间数据库
地质环境	0.1	地质灾害严重度	0.5	中国科学院1:500万地质灾害类型图
地质环境	0.1	滑坡严重度	0.5	中国科学院地质灾害数据库

生态环境脆弱类型	良好			较高脆弱	高脆弱
隶属度值	0.5	0.3	0.1	-0.3	-0.5
坡度	（0,5]	（5,8]	（8,15]	（15,25]	（25,+∞）
海拔	（0,200]	（200,500]	（500,1000]	（1000,3500]	（3500,+∞）
生态生产力	高等	中等	中低等	低等	极低等
水资源承载胁迫指数	较高/丰水	较高—中等/丰水—多水	较高—中等/过渡	中等/少水/干涸	较低/少水—干涸
土地利用强度	宜林土地类/宜牧土地类	宜林宜牧土地类	宜农宜林土地类/宜农宜牧土地类	宜农宜林宜牧土地类	宜农耕地类/荒地
干燥指数	（-∞,0.5]	（0.5,1]	（1,2]	（2,10]	（10,+∞）
水土流失敏感度	敏感等级1	敏感等级2	敏感等级3	敏感等级4	敏感等级5
地表自然植被覆盖率	森林	灌丛+草原	农田	荒漠草原和高山草甸	无植被
地质灾害多样度	无	弱或不发育期	一种灾害为主,中等强度	一种灾害中等强度,且多种灾害	一种灾害强烈强度或多种灾害
滑坡严重度	不发育	稀疏	偶发	中等	密集

等级	高度脆弱	较高脆弱	较脆弱	略脆弱	不脆弱
个数	2	12	16	13	3
比例/%	4.35	26.09	34.78	28.26	6.52

采矿业类型	水环境受胁迫城市	大气环境受胁迫城市	生态生产力受胁迫城市
非金属矿业城市	临汾（铝土）	临汾	—
煤炭工业城市	商丘、济宁、长治、泰安、菏泽、平凉、三门峡、银川、榆林、晋城、吕梁、晋中、延安、临汾、大同	鄂尔多斯、临汾、银川、济宁、晋中、长治、大同、朔州、乌海、榆林、菏泽、吕梁、太原、晋城、郑州、巴彦淖尔、平凉、泰安、三门峡、咸阳、铜川	济宁
黑色金属采选业城市	包头	包头、太原	—
有色金属采选业城市	—	宝鸡、洛阳	—