基于水鸟栖息地恢复的黄河三角洲水资源综合利用策略

doi:10.18402/resci.2020.01.11

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

黄河三角洲是国际重要水鸟停歇地,由于受自然因素和人类活动的影响,该地区水鸟栖息地面积不断减少,生物多样性不断降低。通过引用淡水对栖息地进行恢复,能大大提高水鸟的生境质量,增加水鸟的多样性。然而该地区淡水资源短缺,农业、工业和生活用水量大,生态用水量严重不足,如何因地制宜地利用淡水、海水和废水资源,发挥湿地保护生物多样性及净化环境的功能成为水鸟栖息地恢复的关键问题。本文总结了黄河三角洲的水鸟多样性及其生境需求,归纳了水资源的应用现状。在淡水资源短缺情况下,使用淡水、海水和废水3种不同水源补给湿地时,水鸟及其栖息地的特征和面临的挑战。结合水鸟迁徙、黄河来水的时间特征、水鸟栖息地斑块尺度和区域尺度需求特征、不同水源的用水现状、恢复效果及空间分布特征等要素,提出了综合利用海水、淡水和废水对区域和斑块尺度的生境类型进行配置的生态补水恢复模式,建议斑块尺度重点考虑水深及水面植被比例,区域尺度重点考虑水资源分布及自然和人工不同类型湿地的空间优化配置,最后从多样性维持以及不同水资源综合有效利用方面提出了未来研究展望。本文结果旨在为黄河三角洲湿地恢复和水鸟生物多样性提高提供科学依据。

关键词: 水鸟, 栖息地, 淡水, 废水, 海水, 海岸带湿地, 生物多样性, 黄河三角洲

Abstract:

The Yellow River Delta is an internationally important stopover place for waterfowl, but natural factors and human activities have resulted in loss of waterfowl habitat and biological diversity in this area. The habitat quality and diversity of waterfowl can be greatly improved by using fresh water to restore habitat. However, with fresh water shortage and large water consumption in agriculture, domestic use, and industry in this area, ecological water consumption is insufficient. In this case, how to utilize fresh water, sea water, and waste water adaptively considering the local conditions and give full play to the wetland function to protect biodiversity and purify the environment become the key problem to bird habitat restoration. This article summarized the diversity and the habitat requirements of waterfowl in the Yellow River Delta, and examined the water use status and the demands and challenges to the habitat of waterfowl in this area. We also analyzed the measures to restore waterfowl habitat, resource availability, restoration effects, challenges of waterfowl habitat restoration using fresh water, sea water, and waste water, and then proposed some research prospects. We hope that this article can provide a scientific foundation for the optimized measures of waterfowl habitat restoration for improving waterfowl diversity. Bases on the migration of waterfowl, temporal pattern of Yellow River water discharge, patch pattern of waterfowl habitat, status of water utilization, the wetland type after water diversion, and spatial distribution of different kinds of water resources, we recommend to comprehensively use fresh water, sea water, and waste water to restore waterfowl habitat by considering the temporal patterns of water supply, spatial arrangements of habitats, and a combination of the different habitat types at the same patch, with the purpose of giving full play to the wetland function and improving the biological diversity.

Key words: waterfowl, habitat, freshwater, waste water, sea water, coastal wetland, biodiversity, Yellow River Delta

袁秀, 孙燕燕, 王计平, 于莉莉. 基于水鸟栖息地恢复的黄河三角洲水资源综合利用策略[J]. 资源科学, 2020, 42(1): 104-114.

YUAN Xiu, SUN Yanyan, WANG Jiping, YU Lili. Comprehensive utilization of water resources in the Yellow River Delta for waterfowl habitat restoration[J]. Resources Science, 2020, 42(1): 104-114.

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生境类型	类型界定	生境特征	主要水鸟
浅海滩涂	潮汐定期涨落和淹没区域	大量底栖生物,是众多水鸟的食物	鸻类、鹬类、鹭类、鸥类、鸬鹚类、雁鸭类、鹤类
河流	黄河、小清河、广利河、支脉河、小岛河等河流	盛产鱼、虾等水生物,水底有大量水草,河滩周围有大量湿生植物,是鸟类理想环境	雁鸭类、鸥类、燕鸥类、??类、秧鸡类等,在河滩宽阔处有时分布鸻类、鹬类、鹭类、鹤类
芦苇沼泽	以芦苇为主要植物群落的沼泽湿地	不同水深梯度,水鸟集中区域	鹤类、鹳类、雁鸭类、鸥类、燕鸥类、??类、秧鸡类、鸬鹚类、鸻类、鹬类、鹭类
水库及周围沉沙池	存储淡水的水库,及周围沉沙池	水库面积广阔,鱼、虾丰富;部分沉沙池有水草、芦苇沼泽等生境	天鹅类、鸭类、??类、鹭类、鸥类、鸻类、鹬类、鸬鹚类、秧鸡类
人工池塘	以水产养殖、村庄饮水为目的的池塘	呈斑块状分布,面积或大或小,水边常生长有芦苇、香蒲等湿生植物,水中生长有狐尾藻、眼子菜等沉水水生植物	鸭类、??类、秧鸡类、鸻类、鹬类、鹭类
盐池及海产养殖池	近海开发的盐池及海产养殖池	大面积分布	鸻类、鹬类、鹭类、鸥类、鹤类
农田	冬小麦、大豆等农田,以及水稻田	丰富的食物	鸻类、鹬类、鹭类

湿地	生态补水量（万m³/年）
黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区	6000
东营龙栖湖省级湿地公园	100
河口鸣翠湖省级湿地公园	20
山东垦利天宁湖国家湿地公园	1500
垦利米荷湾省级湿地公园	100
垦利兴隆省级湿地公园	100
广饶孙武湖省级湿地公园	3000
广饶县支脉河湿地公园	2000
沾利河湿地公园	49
太平河湿地公园	300
东津湿地公园生态	602
共计	14671