黄土高原社会-生态系统变化及其可持续性

doi:10.18402/resci.2020.01.10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在全球变化和人类活动驱动下,社会系统与生态系统均处在不断加剧的动态变化中,揭示二者之间的互馈机制是保持和增强系统弹性以及可持续性的科学基础。黄土高原地区是中国人口、资源、环境矛盾最集中的区域之一,也是黄河重要的产水区和绝大部分泥沙的来源区。合理布局黄土高原土地利用格局,协调黄土高原水土保持和黄河下游水资源利用与泥沙控制,是黄土高原地区和黄河流域可持续发展的重大需求。本文立足于国际社会-生态系统耦合研究前沿和可持续发展与生态建设的国家需求,综述了区域社会系统与生态系统的互馈机制和社会-生态系统的耦合模拟的研究进展,总结了黄土高原社会-生态系统的变化过程和驱动机制,认为发展社会-生态系统动态机制分析方法和稳态转换识别方法,建立耦合社会系统与生态系统的土地利用权衡与优化模型,是推动社会-生态系统耦合研究理论与方法创新、为黄土高原的可持续发展提供科学依据的重要途径。

关键词: 社会-生态系统, 互馈机制, 可持续性, 弹性, 稳态转换, 人地耦合, 黄土高原

Abstract:

Driven by global environmental changes and human activities, the dynamic changes of social systems and ecological systems are increasing. Revealing the interaction mechanisms of this coupled system is the scientific basis for maintaining and enhancing resilience and sustainability. The Loess Plateau (LP) is one of the regions under great pressure from population, resources, and environment in China. It is also an important water and sediment source area of the Yellow River. Rational land use and the coordination of soil and water conservation with water resources use and sediment control are the main requirements of watershed management and regional sustainable development in the lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin. Based on the frontier research of coupled social-ecological system (SES) and the national needs for sustainable development and ecological construction, feedback mechanisms for regional social and ecological systems and coupled SES simulation are the key issues of research. Social-ecological system research in the Loess Plateau needs to illustrate the dynamics and mechanisms of SES evolution, develop methods for analyzing system dynamics and identifying regime shifts, and develop land-use optimization models for sustainable development in the LP, which are useful for the development of theories of SES and practices of sustainable development of the Loess Plateau.

Key words: social-ecological systems, feedback mechanism, sustainability, resilience, regime shift, coupled human and environment systems, Loess Plateau

王帅, 傅伯杰, 武旭同, 王亚萍. 黄土高原社会-生态系统变化及其可持续性[J]. 资源科学, 2020, 42(1): 96-103.

WANG Shuai, FU Bojie, WU Xutong, WANG Yaping. Dynamics and sustainability of social-ecological systems in the Loess Plateau[J]. Resources Science, 2020, 42(1): 96-103.

图/表 1

表1

常见社会生态系统分析框架总结"

框架	目的	组件	连接	尺度	背景
人类生态系统^[28]	发展生态系统管理的跨学科组织概念	关键性资源（自然、社会经济和文化资源）和人类社会系统（社会制度、周期和秩序）	连接表征流向;未关注非线性或随机连接;反馈作用有所涉及	强调多尺度,组件所处时空尺度决定了对组件的理解;跨尺度连接有所涉及	社会和土地利用的历史状态
恢复力^[24,29-31]	关注社会生态系统动态演化机制与系统稳健性	框架未指定组件或子组件	用可标度变量表征连接,连接程度影响系统状态;系统本身体现非线性或随机关系、以及反馈作用,但未通过连接表示	强调无限尺度,复杂系统在演化适应过程中,组件的相互连接呈现多层次结构,该结构在其形成、发展、重组和更新周期中具有时间无限性;跨尺度连接表述详细	系统历史状态
生态系统服务综合评估^[32]	加强生态系统功能、商品和服务研究的可对比性	生态系统服务（调节、供给、文化和支持）与人类福祉	连接表征生态系统对人类福祉的影响程度;非线性或随机连接有所涉及;关注管理对生态系统结构的反馈	强调多尺度,生态系统与其所提供服务的交互作用可发生在单一尺度,也可跨尺度	影响价值评估的驱动因子
脆弱性^[33]	关注人类与环境复杂系统的脆弱性,并为其分析与评估构建概念框架	脆弱性（暴露度、敏感性和恢复力）评估组件和背景组件（系统外部人类与环境对系统的影响）	连接表征组件间的因果关系,用箱体表示组件内部的连接;非线性或随机连接有所涉及;反馈作用表述详细	强调多尺度,认为多尺度连接和跨尺度反馈对系统脆弱性产生影响	灾害驱动因子;考虑背景与系统内部交互作用
人与自然系统耦合^[3,34]	促进范式转换,强调人与自然在空间、组织和时间尺度上的多层次耦合	人类与自然两类,具体构成取决于研究对象	对系统中存在的多种连接展开详细描述,包括连接间的非线性或随机关系和反馈作用	强调多尺度,认为系统中人与自然的耦合以不同速率在嵌套空间中发生;跨尺度连接表述详细	人与自然的多层次耦合关系;考虑背景与系统内部交互作用
社会生态系统^[18,35]	聚焦公共池塘资源,识别影响社会生态系统中自组织结构可持续发展的重要变量	资源系统、资源单位、管理系统和行动者,及其相互作用与结果构成系统主体,相关生态系统及社会、经济和政治环境构成背景组件	通过制度分析与发展（IAD）框架探索变量之间的连接,连接有正负之分;连接间的非线性或随机关系及反馈作用均有所涉及	强调多尺度,认为理解复杂系统的多层嵌套结构和时间周期是识别可持续与否的重要前提;跨尺度连接有所涉及	社会、经济、政治和生态状况

表1

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