土地细碎化视角下种粮目的对稻农生物农药施用行为的影响

doi:10.18402/resci.2019.12.04

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在不同土地细碎化条件下,厘清影响稻农生物农药施用行为的关键因素,对实现农药减量、保障农产品质量安全具有重要现实意义。基于2017年湖北省765份农户实地调研问卷,从追求风险最小化、利润最大化以及食品安全3个方面构建稻农生物农药施用行为多目标效用模型,实证检验不同土地细碎化条件下种粮目的对稻农生物农药施用行为的异质性影响。结果显示：①以自留口粮占比表征的种粮目的,越趋向于满足自家消费需要,稻农施用生物农药的可能性越大,且自留口粮占比每提高1%,施用生物农药的可能性会提高10.56%;②对于土地细碎化程度低（平均地块面积大于0.133 hm ²）的稻农而言,种粮目的对其生物农药施用行为产生负向影响,而对于土地细碎化程度高（平均地块面积小于0.133 hm ²）的稻农而言,种粮目的表现为正向影响;③稻农生物农药施用行为也会受到农药残留意识、绿色农产品重要性认知、市场风险感知以及健康水平的正向影响,以及市场风险感知的负向影响。根据研究结论提出政策建议：加快农田标准化建设,实现同质化生产,同时加快普及新型农业技术和农业发展形势,从生产源头和市场建设双管齐下。

关键词: 农产品质量安全, 种粮目的, 土地细碎化, 生物农药, 门槛效应, 多目标效用模型

Abstract:

Under different conditions of land fragmentation, it is of great practical significance to clarify the key factors that affect the application of biological pesticides by rice farmers to reduce the amount of pesticides and ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products. Based on 765 field survey questionnaires of farming households in Hubei Province in 2017, a multi-objective utility model of rice farmers’ bio-pesticide application behavior was constructed from the three aspects of risk minimization, profit maximization, and food safety, to empirically test the heterogeneous influence of grain growing objectives on rice farmers’ bio-pesticide application behavior under different land fragmentation conditions. The results show that: first, using the indicator of percentage of grain production for self-consumption, the more likely the products are to meet their own consumption needs, the greater the possibility that farming households would apply biological pesticides. Moreover, the possibility of applying biological pesticides will increase by 10.56% for every 1% increase in the proportion of self-reserved grain ration. Second, for rice farmers with a low degree of land fragmentation (the average plot area is greater than 0.133 hm ²), the purpose of grain growing has a negative impact on the application of biological pesticides, while for rice farmers with a high degree of land fragmentation (the average plot area is less than 0.133 hm ²), the purpose of grain growing shows a positive impact. Third, the application of biological pesticides by rice farmers is also positively affected by the awareness of pesticide residues, the awareness of the importance of green agricultural products, market risk perception and health level, as well as negatively affected by market risk perception. According to the conclusions,we put forward the following policy suggestions: the government should accelerate the construction of farmland standardization to realize homogeneous production, and accelerate the popularization of new agricultural technologies and agricultural development situation, and ensure the quality of agricultural products from both the source of production and market construction.

Key words: quality and safety of agricultural products, grain growing purpose, land fragmentation, bio-pesticides, threshold effect, multi-objective utility model

余威震, 罗小锋, 唐林, 黄炎忠. 土地细碎化视角下种粮目的对稻农生物农药施用行为的影响[J]. 资源科学, 2019, 41(12): 2193-2204.

YU Weizhen, LUO Xiaofeng, TANG Lin, HUANG Yanzhong. Impact of grain growing objectives on the application of bio-pesticides of rice farmers from the perspective of land fragmentation[J]. Resources Science, 2019, 41(12): 2193-2204.

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		稻农B
		生物农药	化学农药
稻农A	生物农药	1,1	0,1
稻农A	化学农药	1,0	1,1

变量名	定义及赋值	均值	标准差
因变量
生物农药施用行为	是=1;否=0	0.161	0.368
核心变量
土地细碎化程度	以地块平均面积的倒数表示	0.949	0.637
耕地面积	以实际耕地面积表示/hm²	0.583	0.600
土地块数	以实际耕地块数表示/块	6.066	4.483
相邻地块影响	非常小=1;较小=2;一般=3;较大=4;非常大=5	2.222	1.164
自留口粮占比	以自留口粮占总粮食产量的百分比表示/%	0.378	0.335
控制变量
农药残留意识	是=1;否=0	0.391	0.488
绿色农产品重要性认知	非常小=1;较小=2;一般=3;较大=4;非常大=5	3.821	0.852
面源污染了解程度	非常小=1;较小=2;一般=3;较大=4;非常大=5	2.650	1.050
制度风险	非常小=1;较小=2;一般=3;较大=4;非常大=5	3.540	0.938
技术风险	非常小=1;较小=2;一般=3;较大=4;非常大=5	2.703	1.019
市场风险	是=1;否=0	0.790	0.408
农业技术培训	是=1;否=0	0.101	0.301
户主年龄	以户主实际年龄为准/岁	57.752	10.168
健康水平	非常差=1;较差=2;一般=3;较好=4;非常好=5	3.626	0.998
文化程度	以实际受教育年限为准/年	6.334	3.379
种植收益	以水稻单产与销售价格乘积反映/（千元/hm²）	17.842	5.215
成本支出	以单位面积农业总支出反映/（千元/hm²）	13.034	29.788
地区变量	黄冈=1,天门=2,随州=3,荆州=4,武汉=5	3.124	1.405

变量	选项	样本数	百分比/%	变量	选项	样本数	百分比/%
户主年龄/岁	≤40	37	4.84	家庭总人口/人	≤ 3	183	23.92
	41~50	149	19.48		4~6	439	57.39
	51~60	275	35.95		≥7	143	18.69
	61~70	232	30.32	健康水平	很差	11	1.44
	>70	72	9.41		较差	110	14.38
受教育年限/年	≤6	458	59.87		一般	181	23.66
	7~9	233	30.46	较好		315	41.17
	10~12	63	8.23	很好		148	19.35
	>12	11	1.44	家庭总收入/万元	≤ 5	379	49.54
兼业情况	是	595	77.78		(5,10]	265	34.64
兼业情况	否	170	22.22		(10,15]		77	10.07
农业技术培训	是	77	10.07	(15,20]	29	3.79
农业技术培训	否	688	89.93	>20		15	1.96

选项	平均地块面积≤ 0.067hm²		0.067 hm²<平均地块面积< 0.133 hm²		平均地块面积≥ 0.133 hm²
选项	未施用	施用	未施用	施用	未施用	施用
RA≤ 50%	167	6	187	38	134	36
RA≤ 50%	96.53%	3.47%	83.11%	16.89%	78.72%	21.18%
RA> 50%	110	27	36	8	8	8
RA> 50%	80.29%	19.71%	81.82%	18.18%	50.00%	50.00%

变量	（1）Logit	（2）Logit	（3）OLS	（4）OLS
土地细碎化程度	-0.1019***（0.0335）	-0.0930***（0.0318）	-0.0671***（0.0239）	-0.0656***（0.0235）
相邻地块影响	-0.0115（0.0113）	-0.0084（0.0118）	-0.0115（0.0114）	-0.0097（0.0120）
自留口粮占比	0.0882*（0.0511）	0.1056**（0.0501）	0.0828*（0.0501）	0.1006**（0.0499）
农药残留意识		0.0578**（0.0267）		0.0577**（0.0281）
绿色农产品重要性认知		0.0315*（0.0165）		0.0294*（0.0165）
面源污染了解程度		0.0551***（0.0121）		0.0663***（0.0131）
制度风险感知		0.0112（0.0151）		0.0082（0.0154）
技术风险感知		-0.0035（0.0126）		-0.0045（0.0132）
市场风险感知		-0.0535*（0.0296）		-0.0708**（0.0341）
农业技术培训		-0.0423（0.0418）		-0.0475（0.0466）
户主年龄		-0.0012（0.0014）		-0.0009（0.0014）
健康水平		0.0328**（0.0139）		0.0349**（0.0138）
文化程度		-0.0043（0.0041）		-0.0035（0.0041）
种植收益		0.0000（0.0000）		0.0000（0.0000）
成本支出		0.0000（0.0000）		0.0000（0.0000）
地区控制变量	是	是	是	是
观测值	765	765	765	765
卡方值（调整R²）	44.57***	100.91***	0.0506	0.1010