集体林产权改革与森林资源变化研究综述

doi:10.18402/resci.2019.11.11

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

集体林产权改革对实现中国森林资源永续增长具有重要意义。本文以集体林产权及其结构为视角,归纳分析近20年国内外关于集体林产权改革以及林地产权安全影响森林资源变化的研究,以期廓清集体林产权改革对森林资源影响研究观点及其争议,并分析缺陷和未来研究方向。现有研究多认为集体林产权改革能激励农户造林管护,并减少毁林与森林退化,有效实现森林资源的增长。已有文献为进一步研究二者的关系提供了极有价值的线索,但现有理论研究未能考察中国非农转移客观情景,更忽略了林权之间的交互机制;实证研究缺乏对集体林产权影响森林资源动态效应的分析,也未能妥善处理模型中的内生性问题。未来研究应从如下几个方面改进：①将劳动力非农转移情境纳入理论模型,并考察各林权之间的交互机制;②科学识别产权及其结构影响森林资源的动态效应;③在计量分析中应重点关注测度偏误、遗漏变量、自选择偏误及双向因果等导致的内生性问题。

关键词: 集体林权改革, 集体林产权结构, 林地产权安全, 森林资源, 理论机制, 内生性

Abstract:

The reform of collective forestland tenure is important for realizing the sustainable growth of forest resources. In order to clarify the controversies of the research on the impact of collective forestland tenure reform on forest resources and analyze the disadvantages and future research directions from the perspectives of collective forest property rights and its structure, this article summarizes and analyzes the literature about the impact of collective forestland tenure reform on forest resource changes and the security of forest property rights from both the theoretical and empirical aspects. Most studies have found that collective forestland tenure reform can encourage farmers’ afforestation and forestland management and reduce deforestation and forest degradation, effectively increasing the forest resources. Existing literature has provided valuable clues for further research, but the theoretical framework of analysis fails to consider the reality of off-farm employment in China and the interactions between various forest property rights. Moreover, the empirical research neglects the dynamic effects of forest property rights on the forest resources and fails to effectively avoid the endogeneity problem of forest property rights in the model. Therefore, this article suggests that future research should: (1) be based on the actual situation of laborers’ non-agricultural employment in China, construct a theoretical model in line with national conditions and explore the interactions between various forest property rights; (2) scientifically identify the dynamic effects of forest property rights on the forest resources; and (3) pay attention to the endogeneity problems such as measurement bias of systems, variable omissions, self-selection bias, and reverse causality.

Key words: collective forestland tenure reform, collective forest property rights structure, security of forest property rights, forest resources, theoretical framework, endogeneity

何文剑, 王于洋, 江民星. 集体林产权改革与森林资源变化研究综述[J]. 资源科学, 2019, 41(11): 2083-2093.

HE Wenjian, WANG Yuyang, JIANG Minxing. A review on the collective forestland tenure reform and changes in forest resources[J]. Resources Science, 2019, 41(11): 2083-2093.

图/表 4

图1

表1

图2

表2

集体林产权结构影响森林资源变化的研究总结"

文献	集体林产权结构界定	集体林产权结构测度	森林资源测度	实证模型	实证结果
Lin et al^[33]	采伐权林业补贴	以“是否拥有林权证”“采伐指标获得的难易度”划分处理组	林地投资	Heckman PSM	采伐权+ 林业补贴+
Liu et al^[29]	抵押权采伐权林业税费林业补贴	农户是否实际获得某项林权	林地面积	FE	抵押权+ 采伐权- 林业税费- 林业补贴+
Qin et al^[6]	林地使用权林木采伐权	农户对产权感知	林地投资	随机效应的Tobit模型	林地使用权+ 林木采伐权+
Yi et al^[31]	林地转为农业用途改变林地类型自主选择树种经营非木质林产品抛荒林地林权抵押村内流转权村外流转权	农户对产权感知	林地投资	Heckman Tobit RE	林地转为农业用途- 改变林地类型+ 自主选择树种- 经营非木质林产品- 抛荒林地n 林权抵押+ 村内流转权+ 村外流转权n
曹兰芳等^[59]	林木采伐权林业税费林地流转林业合作组织生态公益补偿政策性森林保险	农户对产权感知	造林面积抚育面积采伐面积	多元回归模型、似不相关回归	林木采伐权nnn 林业税费nn+ 林地流转+-+ 林业合作组织++n 生态公益补偿nnn 政策性森林保险nnn
何文剑等^[36]	林地（林木）拥有权林木采伐权林木抵押权林木收益权	农户是否实际获得某项林权	林木采伐	Heckman	林地（林木）拥有权+ 林木采伐权+ 林木抵押权n 林木收益权-
吉登艳等^[54]	使用权流转权抵押权	农户对产权感知	林地投入	Double- Hurdle	使用权+ 流转权- 抵押权n
任洋等^[60]	使用权处置权收益权	农户实际拥有的林权大小	林地投入	Double- Hurdle	使用权+ 处置权+ 收益权n
孙妍等^[61]	经营权交易权抵押权	农户对产权感知	林地投入	Heckman	经营权+ 交易权n 抵押权-
杨扬等^[56]	采伐指标造林补贴林业贷款	农户对采伐权的感知,以及是否实际获得造林补贴和林业贷款	种植投入抚育投入	Tobit	采伐指标nn 造林补贴+ 林业贷款n+
张英等^[5]	转变林地类型林种选择权林下资源使用权流转权和抵押权	农户对产权感知	林木采伐	Probit FE、RE	转变林地类型n 林种选择权+ 林下资源使用权- 流转权和抵押权n
张英等^[49]	采伐权使用权流转权抛荒权抵押权	测度各林权指标,计算出林权综合指标值	森林面积森林蓄积	OLS SUR	采伐权-n 使用权nn 流转权++ 抛荒权nn 抵押权nn
朱文清等^[58]	采伐权抵押权流转权造林补贴	农户是否实际获得某项林权	林地投入	FE和RE混合估计	采伐权+ 抵押权n 流转权+ 造林补贴+

表2

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文献	集体林产权测度	森林资源测度	实证模型	实证结果
Araujo et al^[23]	土地冲突导致犯罪数量、土地征用数量及土地征用面积的加权和	林地面积	2SLS （“司法支出”为IV）	+
Bandiera^[43]	农户是否是土地的所有者	造林投入	OLS	+
Bohn et al^[22]	政治不稳定性	林地面积	OLS	+
Deacon^[28]	政治不稳定性	林地面积	OLS	+
Lin et al^[33]	是否拥有林权证	造林投入	Heckman、 PSM	n
Liscow^[24]	农户对土地产权安全感知	林地面积	2SLS（“东西部边界”“南北战争”为IV）	-
Liu et al^[3]	某地区是否实施林权改革	林地面积林地蓄积造林面积	系统GMM	- + -
Xie et al^[7]	农户对新林改的满意度	林地管护	Heckman	+
Xie et al^[37]	自留山占拥有林地面积的比重	林地资金投入林地劳动力投入	Tobit Probit Truncated	- -
Zhang^[30]	各省农户承包林地面积占该省集体林地面积的比例	森林覆盖率、森林采伐量	FE、OLS	南方：-+ 北方：+-
王小军等^[34]	农户对新林改的主观评价	造林、砍伐施肥、管护	Probit	n
杨扬等^[35]	事实层面,拥有林权证; 感知层面,林地调整预期	林业管护次数林业管护投入	负二项模型、Tobit模型	n +
尹航等^[40]	以实施新林改地区为处理组	木材采伐量	DID、TE	+
张红等^[38]	以实施新林改地区为处理组	林地投入	DID、DDD	n
张英等^[39]	以实施新林改地区为处理组	森林火灾次数、病虫害发生面积	RD	- -