环渤海地区滴灌的资源与经济效应——政府与农户目标一致性检验

doi:10.18402/resci.2019.08.02

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

水资源是关系农村社会经济发展、农民增收的重要因素。本文从协调政府与农民关于增效与增收的目标出发,以2017年中国环渤海设施蔬菜主产地蔬菜专业村357个蔬菜种植户调研数据为例,运用联立方程组模型及条件混合过程（CMP）、倾向得分匹配方法（PSM）与工具变量分位数（IVQR）方法,对滴灌技术推广的约束因素与增效增收能力进行分析,探索促进中国农业可持续发展的路径。研究结果表明：①水资源稀缺程度较高的蔬菜主产地,种植年限较短,但家庭资本充裕且对节水知识了解程度越高的蔬菜种植户更倾向于采用滴灌技术;②滴灌技术具有明显的增效增收作用,蔬菜种植户采用滴灌技术后,每吨灌溉水产出可增加17.16 kg蔬菜,增收45.90 元,具有推广的长效动力;③滴灌技术的产出与经济效应存在“马太效应”,对于生产条件好的农户而言,滴灌技术的产出与经济效应更加明显;④技术供给层面的灌溉制度设计不健全、设备工程设计与质量较差、培训与售后服务不足,农户技术应用层面的专业知识与技术缺乏、与现代农业对接能力弱,以及政府层面的补贴不够科学、到位是影响农户滴灌技术采用积极性的重要因素,需要加以注意,此外,灌溉水价的适当提高,将有助于加快田间节水技术的推广。

关键词: 蔬菜, 主产地, 滴灌, 资源效应, 经济效应, CMP, IVQR, 环渤海地区

Abstract:

Water resources are an important factor that affects rural social and economic development and farmers’ income. This study starts from the goal of coordinating the government and farmers on efficiency and income,based on the survey data of 357 vegetable growers of the main vegetable production area in the Bohai Rim in 2017, applied the simultaneous equations model (SEM), conditional mixture process (CMP), propensity score matching (PSM), and instrumental variable quantile regression (IVQR) to investigate the efficiency and income increase ability of drip irrigation technology and the constraints of promotion effect at the micro level, to explore the path to promote sustainable development of China’s agriculture. The results show that: (1) In the main production areas facing severe water scarcity, households with fewer years of planting, abundant capital, and higher level of knowledge on water saving tend to adopt drip irrigation technology; (2) Drip irrigation technology has significant effects on increasing production efficiency and income. The output of unit irrigation water and income on average increase by 17.16 kg/t of vegetables and 45.90 yuan/t for farmers who adopt the drip irrigation technology, which provides long-term incentives for its broader adoption; (3) The output and economic effects of drip irrigation technology have a “Matthew effect,” which means that farmers with better production conditions benefit more from the technology; (4) Imperfect design of irrigation system, poor design and quality of equipment engineering, inadequate training and after-sales service, lack of professional knowledge and technology of farmers, weak ability to practice modern agriculture, and poorly designed subsidies of the government are important factors affecting the enthusiasm of farmers to adopt drip irrigation technology. Furthermore, proper increase of irrigation water price will help speed up the popularization of field water-saving technology.

Key words: vegetable, main production area, drip irrigation, resource effect, economic effect, CMP, IVQR, the Bohai Rim area

张哲晰,穆月英,侯玲玲,杨鑫. 环渤海地区滴灌的资源与经济效应——政府与农户目标一致性检验[J]. 资源科学, 2019, 41(8): 1400-1415.

Zhexi ZHANG,Yueying MU,Lingling HOU,Xin YANG. Resource and economic effects of drip irrigation in the Bohai Rim area: Consistency of goals of the government and farmers[J]. Resources Science, 2019, 41(8): 1400-1415.

图/表 6

表1

表2

表3

图1

表4

表5

参考文献 63

[1]	《中国水利年鉴》编纂委员会. 中国水利年鉴[M]. 北京: 中国水利水电出版社, 2018.
	[ Codification Committee of “Yearbook of China Water Resources”. Yearbook of China Water Resources[M]. Beijing: China Water & Power Press, 2018.]
[2]	中华人民共和国水利部. 2011年中国水资源公报[EB/OL]. ( 2011- 12- 31) [2018-05-28]. http://www.mwr.gov.cn/sj/tjgb/szygb/201612/t20161222_776051.html.
	[ Ministry of Water Resources the People’s Republic of China. China Water Resources Bulletin[EB/OL]. ( 2011- 12- 31) [2018-05-28]. http://www.mwr.gov.cn/sj/tjgb/szygb/201612/t20161222_776051.html.]
[3]	农业部, 国家发展改革委, 科技部, 等. 全国农业可持续发展规划(2015-2030年)[EB/OL]. ( 2015- 05- 28) [2018-05-28]. http://jiuban.moa.gov.cn/sjzz/jgs/cfc/yw/201505/t20150528_4620635.htm.
	[ Ministry of Agriculture, National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Science and Technology, et al. National Plan for Sustainable Agricultural Development from 2015 to 2030[EB/OL]. ( 2015- 05- 28) [2018-05-28]. http://jiuban.moa.gov.cn/sjzz/jgs/cfc/yw/201505/t20150528_4620635.htm.]
[4]	国务院办公厅. 国家农业节水纲要(2012-2020年)[EB/OL]. ( 2012- 11- 26) [2018-05-28]. http://www.jsgg.com.cn/Index/Display.asp?NewsID=16824.
	[ General Office of the State Council. National Outline for Agricultural Water Saving from 2012 to 2020[EB/OL]. ( 2012- 11- 26) [2018-05-28]. http://www.jsgg.com.cn/Index/Display.asp?NewsID=16824.]
[5]	中国灌溉排水发展中心. 全国节水灌溉规划[EB/OL]. ( 2009- 09- 22) [2018-05-28]. http://www.jsgg.com.cn/Index/Display.asp?NewsID=12193.
	[ China Irrigation and Drainage Development Center. National Plan of Water Saving Irrigation[EB/OL]. ( 2009- 09- 22) [2018-05-28]. http://www.jsgg.com.cn/Index/Display.asp?NewsID=12193.]
[6]	吴舒, 穆月英 . 蔬菜产业集聚与产业成长的区域差异性研究: 基于PVAR模型[J]. 哈尔滨工业大学学报(社会科学版), 2016,18(2):133-140.
	[ Wu S, Mu Y Y . Vegetable industrial agglomeration and industrial growth with regional comparison: Based on PVAR model[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology (Social Sciences Edition), 2016,18(2):133-140.]
[7]	国家发展改革委, 农业部. 全国蔬菜产业发展规划(2011-2020年)[EB/OL]. ( 2012- 02- 27) [2018-05-28]. http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2012-02/27/content_2077494.htm.
	[ National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Agriculture. National Vegetable Industry Development Plan from 2011 to 2020[EB/OL]. ( 2012- 02- 27) [2018-05-28]. http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2012-02/27/content_2077494.htm.]
[8]	梁书民, 于智媛 . 我国水资源的农业开发潜力评价及对策[J]. 农业经济问题, 2016,37(9):61-70.
	[ Liang S M, Yu Z Y . The evaluation of the development potential of agricultural land and water resources in China and countermeasures[J]. Issues in Agricultural Economy, 2016,37(9):61-70.]
[9]	刘红梅, 王克强, 黄智俊 . 影响中国农户采用节水灌溉技术行为的因素分析[J]. 中国农村经济, 2008, ( 4):44-54.
	[ Liu H M, Wang K Q, Huang Z J . Demonstration research on peasant’s learning the skill of water saving irrigation in China[J]. Chinese Rural Economy, 2008, ( 4):44-54.]
[10]	贺志武, 胡伦, 陆迁 . 农户风险偏好、风险认知对节水灌溉技术采用意愿的影响[J]. 资源科学, 2018,40(4):797-808.
	[ He Z W, Hu L, Lu Q . Influence of farmer’s risk preference and risk perception on water-saving irrigation technology adoption[J]. Resources Science, 2018,40(4):797-808.]
[11]	黄腾, 赵佳佳, 魏娟 , 等. 节水灌溉技术认知、采用强度与收入效应: 基于甘肃省微观农户数据的实证分析[J]. 资源科学, 2018,40(2):347-358.
	[ Huang T, Zhao J J, Wei J , et al. Cognition of irrigation water-saving techniques, adoption intensity and income effects in Gansu, China[J]. Resources Science, 2018,40(2):347-358.]
[12]	薛彩霞, 黄玉祥, 韩文霆 . 政府补贴、采用效果对农户节水灌溉技术持续采用行为的影响研究[J]. 资源科学, 2018,40(7):1418-1428.
	[ Xue C X, Huang Y X, Han W T . Influence of government subsidies and adoption effect on continuous adoption behavior of water-saving irrigation technology by farmers[J]. Resources Science, 2018,40(7):1418-1428.]
[13]	吴洪忠, 何月红 . 枸杞节水滴灌过程中存在的问题及建议[J]. 乡村科技, 2016, ( 8):75-75.
	[ Wu H Z, He Y H . Problems and suggestions in water-saving drip irrigation of lycium[J]. Rural Technology, 2016, ( 8):75-75.]
[14]	尹飞虎 . 节水农业及滴灌水肥一体化技术的发展现状及应用前景[J]. 中国农垦, 2018, ( 6):30-32.
	[ Yin F H . Development status and application prospect of water-saving agriculture and drip irrigation-fertilizer integration technology[J]. China State Farm, 2018, ( 6):30-32.]
[15]	康跃虎 . 加快微灌技术推广应用和健康发展的对策和建议[J]. 科技促进发展, 2012, ( 1):31-39.
	[ Kang Y H . Strategies and suggestions for accelerating healthy development of micro-irrigation techniques[J]. Science & Technology for Development, 2012, ( 1):31-39.]
[16]	牛坤玉, 吴健 . 农业灌溉水价对农户用水量影响的经济分析[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2010,20(9):59-64.
	[ Niu K Y, Wu J . Economic analysis of impact of irrigation water price on farmers’ water-using consumption[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2010,20(9):59-64.]
[17]	Luquet D, Vidal A, Smith M , et al. ‘More crop per drop’: How to make it acceptable for farmers?[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2005,76(2):108-119.
[18]	金雪, 韩晓燕, 吕杰 . 节水灌溉产量贡献及要素利用效率研究[J]. 农业技术经济, 2017, ( 5):37-45.
	[ Jin X, Han X Y, Lv J . Research on contribution of water saving irrigation production and factor utilization efficiency[J]. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2017, ( 5):37-45.]
[19]	刘双双, 韩凤鸣, 蔡安宁 , 等. 区域差异下农业用水效率对农业用水量的影响[J]. 长江流域资源与环境, 2017,26(12):2099-2110.
	[ Liu S S, Han F M, Cai A N , et al. Influence of agricultural water use efficiency on agricultural water consumption in consideration of regional differences[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2017,26(12):2099-2110.]
[20]	魏永霞, 马瑛瑛, 刘慧 , 等. 调亏灌溉下滴灌玉米植株与土壤水分及节水增产效应[J]. 农业机械学报, 2018,49(3):252-260.
	[ Wei Y X, Ma Y Y, Liu H , et al. Effects of soil water, plant, water saving and yield increasing of maize under regulated deficit drip irrigation[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2018,49(3):252-260.]
[21]	耿献辉, 张晓恒, 宋玉兰 . 农业灌溉用水效率及其影响因素实证分析: 基于随机前沿生产函数和新疆棉农调研数据[J]. 自然资源学报, 2014,29(6):934-943.
	[ Geng X H, Zhang X H, Song Y L . Measurement of irrigation water efficiency and analysis of influential factors: An empirical study based on stochastic production frontier and cotton farmers’ data in Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2014,29(6):934-943.]
[22]	任丽丽, 高立英, 蒋宏飞 . 滴灌技术推广的经济效益及可持续性因素: 以中德合作“中国华北地区集约化农业环境战略项目”为例[J]. 农村经济, 2007, ( 12):90-93.
	[ Ren L L, Gao L Y, Jiang H F . The economic benefits and sustainable factors of drip irrigation technology promotion: Taking Sino-German cooperation as an example “intensive agricultural environment strategy in north China”[J]. Rural Economy, 2007, ( 12):90-93.]
[23]	黄昌硕, 耿雷华, 陈晓燕 . 农业用水效率影响因素及机理分析[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2018,35(1):82-85.
	[ Huang C S, Geng L H, Chen X Y . Influential factors and mechanism of agricultural water use efficiency[J]. Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, 2018,35(1):82-85.]
[24]	翁贞林 . 农户理论与应用研究进展与述评[J]. 农业经济问题, 2008, ( 8):93-100.
	[ Weng Z L . Progress of the rural household theory and application research and review[J]. Issues in Agricultural Economy, 2008, ( 8):93-100.]
[25]	Molden D, Oweis T, Steduto P , et al. Improving agricultural water productivity: Between optimism and caution[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2010,97(4):528-535.
[26]	王欢, 穆月英 . 基于农户视角的我国蔬菜生产资源配置评价: 兼对三阶段DEA模型的修正[J]. 中国农业大学学报, 2014,19(6):221-231.
	[ Wang H, Mu Y Y . Study on vegetable production resource allocation in China based on micro-perspective of farmers: With modification of three-stage DEA model[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University, 2014,19(6):221-231.]
[27]	陈美球, 袁东波, 邝佛缘 , 等. 农户分化、代际差异对生态耕种采纳度的影响[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2019,29(2):79-86.
	[ Chen M Q, Yuan D B, Kuang F Y , et al. Household differentiation, generational difference and ecological farming adoption[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2019,29(2):79-86.]
[28]	何学松, 孔荣 . 互联网使用、市场意识与农民收入: 来自陕西908户农户调查的经验证据[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2019,33(4):55-60.
	[ He X S, Kong R . Internet usage, market awareness and farmer’s income: Evidence from 908 rural household questionnaires in Shaanxi Province[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2019,33(4):55-60.]
[29]	Foster A D, Rosenzweig M R . Microeconomics of technology adoption[J]. Annual Review of Economics, 2010,2:395-424.
[30]	Bandiera O, Rasul I . Social networks and technology adoption in northern Mozambique[J]. Economic Journal, 2006,116(514):869-902.
[31]	刘可, 齐振宏, 黄炜虹 , 等. 资本禀赋异质性对农户生态生产行为的影响研究: 基于水平和结构的双重视角分析[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2019,29(2):87-96.
	[ Liu K, Qi Z H, Huang W H , et al. Research on the influence of capital endowment heterogeneity on farmers’ ecological production: Analysis from horizontal and structural perspectives[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2019,29(2):87-96.]
[32]	张宪法, 于贤昌, 张凌云 , 等. 水分对蔬菜生长动态和生理活动的影响[J]. 中国蔬菜, 2000, ( 4):51-53.
	[ Zhang X F, Yu X C, Zhang L Y , et al. Effect of water on growth dynamics and physiological activities of vegetables[J]. China Vegetables, 2000, ( 4):51-53.]
[33]	Twomlow S, Riches C , O’Neill D, et al. Sustainable dryland smallholder farming in Sub-Saharan Africa[J]. Annals of Arid Zone, 1999,38(2):93-135.
[34]	许朗, 刘金金 . 农户节水灌溉技术选择行为的影响因素分析: 基于山东省蒙阴县的调查数据[J]. 中国农村观察, 2013, ( 6):45-51.
	[ Xu L, Liu J J . Study on influencing factors of farmers choice behavior for water-saving irrigation techniques: Based on survey data from Mengyin, Shandong Province[J] China Rural Survey, 2013, ( 6):45-51.]
[35]	乔丹, 陆迁, 徐涛 . 社会网络、推广服务与农户节水灌溉技术采用: 以甘肃省民勤县为例[J]. 资源科学, 2017,39(3):441-450.
	[ Qiao D, Lu Q, Xu T. Social network, extension service and farmers water-saving irrigation technology adoption in Minqin County[J]. Resources Science, 2017,39(3):441-450].
[36]	王格玲, 陆迁 . 社会网络影响农户技术采用倒U型关系的检验: 以甘肃省民勤县节水灌溉技术采用为例[J]. 农业技术经济, 2015, ( 10):92-106.
	[ Wang G L, Lu Q . Social network influences utilizing inverted U-shaped relationships for farmers’ technology: A case study of water-saving irrigation technology in Minqin County, Gansu Province[J] Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2015, ( 10):92-106.]
[37]	速水佑次郎, 弗农·拉坦. 农业发展的国际分析[M]. 郭熙保, 张进铭, 译. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社, 2000.
	[ Hayami Y, Ruttan V W. Agricultural Development: An International Perspective[M]. Guo X B, Zhang J M, Tran. Beijing: China Social Sciences Publishing House, 2000.]
[38]	王昕, 陆迁 . 水资源稀缺性感知影响农户地下水利用效率的路径分析: 基于华北井灌区1168份调查数据的实证[J]. 资源科学, 2019,41(1):87-97.
	[ Wang X, Lu Q . Path characterization of water resources scarcity perception’s effects on farmers’ groundwater usage efficiency: Empirical study based on 1168 survey data of well-irrigated district in North China[J]. Resources Science, 2019,41(1):87-97.]
[39]	赵佳佳, 刘天军, 魏娟 . 风险态度影响苹果安全生产行为吗: 基于苹果主产区的农户实验数据[J]. 农业技术经济, 2017, ( 4):95-105.
	[ Zhao J J, Liu T J, Wei J . Do risk attitudes affect apple’s safe production practices: Based on farmers’ experimental data in major apple production areas[J] Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2017, ( 4):95-105.]
[40]	胡伦, 陆迁 . 干旱风险冲击下节水灌溉技术采用的减贫效应: 以甘肃省张掖市为例[J]. 资源科学, 2018,40(2):417-426.
	[ Hu L, Lu Q . Poverty reduction effects of water-saving irrigation technology adoption under drought risk in Zhangye, Gansu[J]. Resources Science, 2018,40(2):417-426.]
[41]	韩一军, 李雪, 付文阁 . 麦农采用农业节水技术的影响因素分析: 基于北方干旱缺水地区的调查[J]. 南京农业大学学报(社会科学版), 2015,15(4):62-69.
	[ Han Y J, Li X, Fu W G . Influencing factors on water-saving technologies adoption by wheat producers based on an investigation in water shortage areas of northern China[J]. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University (Social Services Edition), 2015,15(4):62-69.]
[42]	Geerts S, Raes D . Deficit irrigation as an on-farm strategy to maximize crop water productivity in dry areas[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2009,96(9):1275-1284.
[43]	Roodman D . Fitting fully observed recursive mixed-process model with CMP[J]. The Stata Journal, 2011,11(2):159-206.
[44]	Koenker R, Bassett G . Regression quantiles[J]. Econometrica, 1978,46(1):33-50.
[45]	Chernozhukov V, Hansen C . The effects of 401(K) participation on the wealth distribution: An Instrumental quantile regression analysis[J]. Review of Economics & Statistics, 2004,86(3):735-751.
[46]	国家统计局, 生态环境部. 中国环境统计年鉴(2017)[M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2018.
	[ National Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Ecology and Environment. and Environment. China Statistical Yearbook on Environment[M]. Beijing: China statistics Press, 2018.]
[47]	《中国金融年鉴》编辑部. 中国金融年鉴(2017)[M]. 北京: 中国金融出版社, 2018.
	[ Almanac of China’s Finance and Banking Editorial Office. Almanac of China’s Finance and Banking Yearbook[M]. Beijing: China Financial Publishing House, 2018.]
[48]	中华人民共和国国家统计局. 中国统计摘要[M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2018.
	[ National Bureau of Statistics. A Statistical Survey of China[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2018.]
[49]	王晓东, 薛伟, 马长明 , 等. 基于农业灌溉用水计量的水电转换系数研究[J]. 北京水务, 2014, ( 6):26-29.
	[ Wang X D, Xue W, Ma C M , et al. Study on water-electricity conversion coefficient based on agricultural irrigation water metering[J]. Beijing Water, 2014, ( 6):26-29.]
[50]	李娜 . 关于农业灌溉用水计量方法的探讨[J]. 水科学与工程技术, 2014, ( 6):69-71.
	[ Li N . Research on water measurement in agricultural irrigation[J]. Water Sciences and Engineering Technology, 2014, ( 6):69-71.]
[51]	沈波, 吉庆丰, 张玉建 , 等. 农业灌溉用水计量方法研究[J]. 江苏水利, 2017, ( 4):13-17.
	[ Shen B, Ji Q F, Zhang Y J , et al. Study on measurement method of agricultural irrigation water[J]. Jiangsu Water Resources, 2017, ( 4):13-17.]
[52]	郭格, 陆迁 . 基于TAM的内在感知对影响农户不同节水灌溉技术采用的研究: 以甘肃张掖市为例[J]. 中国农业资源与区划, 2018,39(7):129-136.
	[ Guo G, Lu Q . The effect of tam-based inner perception on farmers’ different water-saving irrigation techniques adoption: A case study in Zhangye, Gansu[J]. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, 2018,39(7):129-136.]
[53]	刘成, 杨雪, 周晓时 , 等. 中国化肥投入对油菜成本效率的影响[J]. 资源科学, 2018,40(12):2487-2495.
	[ Liu C, Yang X, Zhou X S , et al. Impact of fertilizer input on cost efficiency of rapeseed in China[J]. Resources Science, 2018,40(12):2487-2495.]
[54]	张灿强, 王莉, 华春林 , 等. 中国主要粮食生产的化肥削减潜力及其碳减排效应[J]. 资源科学, 2016,38(4):790-797. doi: 10.18402/resci.2016.04.20
	[ Zhang C Q, Wang L, Hua C L , et al. Potentialities of fertilizer reduction for grain produce and effects on carbon emissions[J]. Resources Science, 2016,38(4):790-797]. doi: 10.18402/resci.2016.04.20
[55]	王奇, 詹贤达, 王会 . 我国粮食安全与水环境安全之间的关系初探: 基于粮食产量与化肥施用的定量关系[J]. 中国农业资源与区划, 2013,34(1):81-86.
	[ Wang Q, Zhan X D, Wang H . The relationship between food and water environment security in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, 2013,34(1):81-86.]
[56]	李波, 邢经伟, 姚名泽 , 等. 深埋秸秆量和滴灌量对温室番茄品质、产量及IWUE的影响[J]. 沈阳农业大学学报, 2019,50(1):51-59.
	[ Li B, Xing J W, Yao M Z , et al. Effects of the amounts of deep-buried straw and drip irrigation on quality, yield and IWUE of tomato in greenhouse[J]. Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University, 2019,50(1):51-59.]
[57]	刘明池, 刘向莉 . 不同灌溉方式对番茄生长和产量的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2005,20(1):93-95. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-7091.2005.01.023
	[ Liu M C, Liu X L . Effect of different irrigation methods on plant growth and yield of tomato[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2005,20(1):93-95.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-7091.2005.01.023
[58]	李晶晶, 王铁良, 李波 , 等. 不同灌溉方式对日光温室青椒生长及产量的影响[J]. 灌溉排水学报, 2009,28(1):110-112.
	[ Li J J, Wang T L, Li B , et al. Effect of different irrigation methods on plant growth of pepper in greenhouse[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 2009,28(1):110-112.]
[59]	杜社妮, 白岗栓, 梁银丽 . 灌溉方式对黄瓜生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响[J]. 浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版), 2010,36(4):433-439.
	[ Du S N, Bai G S, Liang Y L . Effects of irrigation methods on cucumber growth yield and water use efficiency[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture & Life Sciences), 2010,36(4):433-439.]
[60]	周永香, 崔永恒 . 不同灌溉方式对日光温室茄子产量的影响[J]. 蔬菜, 2012, ( 7):60-61.
	[ Zhou Y X, Cui Y H . Effects of different irrigation methods on eggplant yield in sunlight greenhouse[J]. Vegetables, 2012, ( 7):60-61.]
[61]	刘莉, 琪琪格, 李勇 . 新疆地区滴灌水肥一体化应用推广的影响因素研究[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2017,45(17):190-192.
	[ Liu L, Qi Q G, Li Y . Study on factors affecting the application of drip irrigation water and fertilizer integration in Xinjiang area[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2017,45(17):190-192.]
[62]	马楠 . 农田水利滴灌技术的应用与实施要点[J]. 南方农业, 2018,12(3):143-145.
	[ Ma N . Application and implementing points of drip irrigation technology for farmland water conservancy[J]. South China Agricultural, 2018,12(3):143-145.]
[63]	徐涛, 赵敏娟, 乔丹 , 等. 农户偏好与“两型技术”补贴政策设计[J]. 西北农林科技大学学报(社会科学版), 2018,18(4):109-118.
	[ Xu T, Zhao M J, Qiao D , et al. Subsidy policy design of two oriented technology based on farmer households’ preference[J]. Journal of Northwest A&F University (Social Science Edition), 2018,18(4):109-118.]

项目	单位	北京市	河北省	辽宁省
常住人口	万人	2173	7470	4378
耕地面积	万hm²	21.63	652.05	497.45
GDP	万亿元	2.49	3.18	2.22
第一产业增加值	亿元	129.6	3492.8	2173.1
地下水资源量	亿m³	21.1	120.9	133.7
人均水资源量	m³/人	161.6	757.1	279.7
样本数	户	115	81	161

变量类型	变量名称	参数表示	单位	滴灌组	非滴灌组
灌溉水投入产出情况	灌溉水量	Water	t	708.30	924.00
	灌溉水生产率	WP	kg/t	45.00	27.20
	灌溉水净利润	r	元/t	94.89	39.53
生产投入	种苗投入	Seed	元/t	9.90	4.24
	农膜投入	Nm	元/t	6.71	3.85
	农药投入	Pes	元/t	8.05	2.51
	肥料投入	Tfer	元/t	16.84	9.90
	化肥投入	Fer	元	2064.08	2388.28
	有机肥投入	Ofer	元	1575.15	1552.14
户主及农户家庭条件	性别	Gen	0=女;1=男	0.93	0.92
	年龄	Age	岁	51.25	52.20
	蔬菜种植年限	Vyear	年	16.28	18.54
	受教育年限	Edu	年	8.57	8.58
	风险态度	Ati	—	2.01	1.92
	滴灌技术了解程度	Know	—	4.46	4.14
	水资源信息技术来源	Chan	—	1.14	1.11
	交流频率	Comm	—	3.45	3.53
	家庭劳动力数	Lab	人	2.02	2.00
	家庭年收入	Tinc	万元	7.48	6.05
	温室大棚数	Num	个	2.58	2.84
	专业化生产	Spe	%	85.14	85.25
自然、市场	水稀缺度	Rare	—	2.72	2.42
与社会环境	灌溉水价	Wprice	元/度	0.65	0.67
	蔬菜价格	P	元/kg	0.83	0.67
	受政府补贴农户比例	Sub	%	3.61	6.80
	产业集聚程度	Agg	%	41.60	37.71

方程名称	变量名称	CMP方法		OLS方法
方程名称	变量名称	回归系数	标准误	回归系数	标准误
农户滴灌技术采用方程（1）	Rare	0.095*	0.049	0.097**	0.049
	Gen	0.157	0.256	0.146	0.257
	Age	0.002	0.009	0.002	0.009
	Vyear	-0.015*	0.009	-0.015*	0.009
	Edu	-0.006	0.032	-0.007	0.032
	Ati	0.071	0.091	0.055	0.096
	Know	0.209***	0.068	0.198***	0.071
	Chan	0.011	0.162	0.024	0.170
	Lab	-0.011	0.107	0.001	0.112
	Tinc	3.68E-06**	1.65E-06	4.21E-06**	1.68E-06
	Num	-0.063*	0.037	-0.072*	0.038
	Sub	-0.442	0.315	-0.333	0.323
	Agg	0.004	0.003	0.004	0.003
	_cons	-1.463**	0.741	-1.502**	0.745
灌溉水生产率方程（2）	Drip	17.158*	9.701	16.188***	5.335
	Rare	1.685	2.058	2.962	1.879
	Gen	11.339	10.011	11.790	9.920
	Age	-0.287	0.335	-0.323	0.328
	Vyear	0.036	0.419	-0.092	0.324
	Edu	1.444	1.221	1.184	1.203
	Comm	5.142**	2.142	5.261***	2.044
	Fer	-0.002*	0.001	-0.002*	0.001
	Ofer	0.0002	0.002	0.0005	0.002
	Spe	27.218**	12.890	21.548*	13.002
	_cons	-12.053	25.602	-15.859	25.698
灌溉水净收益方程（3）	WP	2.675***	0.346	2.466***	0.083
	P	73.834***	6.440	74.411***	6.479
	Wprice	-30.690***	9.000	-30.494***	9.104
	Seed	1.671***	0.272	1.691***	0.274
	Tfer	-0.103	0.249	-0.132	0.246
	Nm	-3.915***	0.708	-3.892***	0.715
	Pes	-0.019	0.105	-0.024	0.106
	_cons	-54.048***	14.930	-47.049***	8.778
独立性检验	/atanhrho_12	-0.167	0.212
	/atanhrho_13	0.011	0.096
	/atanhrho_23	-0.188	0.275

变量名称	处理类型	滴灌组	非滴灌组	差值	标准误
灌溉水生产率	Unmatched	45.002	27.205	17.797***	5.336
灌溉水生产率	ATT	45.580	25.734	19.846***	6.129
灌溉水净收益	Unmatched	94.890	39.532	55.358***	14.363
灌溉水净收益	ATT	97.420	38.292	59.128***	16.412

变量名称	25%分位点		50%分位点		75%分位点
变量名称	系数	标准误	系数	标准误	系数	标准误
灌溉水生产率	12.373**	6.216	16.384**	6.492	66.522***	24.870
灌溉水净收益	22.270***	1.084	33.541***	1.777***	182.578***	5.876