生态系统服务分类综述与流域尺度重分类研究

doi:10.18402/resci.2019.07.01

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

将生态系统服务理论应用于管理实践是当今研究的重要趋势,而构建符合人类管理需求的分类体系则是其基础。通过综述国内外生态系统服务的分类体系发现：目前研究多从生态系统的产出特征及与人类收益的对应关系进行分类,欠缺针对某一特定管理目标、有助于人类管理决策的分类体系。据此,在已有研究的基础上,考虑流域普遍面临的水环境问题及管理需求,构建一套适用于流域水环境管理的分类体系,并探讨与已有分类的异同。该分类体系将水环境健康作为总体管理目标,根据与该目标的关系确定直接服务、间接服务及生态收益3大类：直接服务是管理目标的具体表征,主要以物理量度量;间接服务有助于支撑管理目标的实现,应综合多学科方法量化;生态收益则体现管理目标的最终效果,可通过价值化方法表征。该分类体系有助于流域关键生态系统服务的识别及特征分析,为后续开展相应模拟、制图及评价等研究奠定基础。

关键词: 生态系统服务, 分类体系, 水环境管理, 水环境健康, 流域, 收益

Abstract:

Application of ecosystem service theory to management practice is an important trend of research. Such application depends on the classification system of ecosystem services that meets human management needs. This article reviewed international and Chinese classifications of ecosystem services, and found that current works focus on the characteristics of ecosystem output and its correspondence to human benefits, but lack a system specific to a certain management target and conducive to human management decision. Therefore, based on water environment problems and management demands, this study developed a new classification system of ecosystem services suitable to water environment management at watershed scale, and discussed the similarities and differences with several other classifications. This proposed classification system took water environment health as the management target. According to the relationships with this target, ecosystem services were divided into three categories: direct services, indirect services, and ecological benefits. Direct services were defined as the ecosystem processes and functions that directly reflect the management target, and were measured by physical quantity. Indirect services were the processes and functions that support the achievement of the management target, and were quantified using multidisciplinary methods. Ecological benefits indicate the final effect of the management target and were calculated by valuation methods. This classification system can help identify and analyze critical ecosystem services in watersheds, which lays a foundation for subsequent simulation, mapping, and evaluation of ecosystem services.

Key words: ecosystem services, classification system, water environment management, water environmental health, watershed, benefit

刘洋, 毕军, 吕建树. 生态系统服务分类综述与流域尺度重分类研究[J]. 资源科学, 2019, 41(7): 1189-1200.

Yang LIU, Jun BI, Jianshu LV. Classification of ecosystem services and a reclassification framework of watershed ecosystem services[J]. Resources Science, 2019, 41(7): 1189-1200.

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环境层面				受益者层面
水生环境	陆地环境	大气环境		农业	工商业	政府市政	交通	生存	娱乐	灵感	学习	感知	人文
河流溪水、湿地、湖泊坑塘、海湾、海洋、地表水	森林、农业生态系统、人工绿地系统、草地、沼泽、岩石裸砾地、苔原、冰川雪地	空气、天气、风、其他大气环境		农民、灌溉者、养殖户、渔业户等	木工、资源、能源生产等相关人员	饮用水厂或污水处理厂的操作员、护卫等	食物运输者、客运员	对水、食物、木材、燃料、建筑物等有生存需求的人	采摘者、狩猎者、垂钓者、游泳者、划船人等	表彰仪式参与者、庆典参与者、艺术家等	教育者、学生、研究者等	关注选举、遗产等实际生活问题的人群	所有人类

分类依据	分类结果
全球非邻近性	气候调节、碳封存、碳储存、存在价值
当地邻近性	干扰调节或风暴防护、废物处置、生物控制、栖息地或避难所
定向流动性	水流调节或洪峰消减、水量供给、沉积物调节或侵蚀控制、营养盐调节
原位不动性	土壤形成、食物生产或非木材林生产、原材料
用户位置变动性	基因资源、娱乐潜力、文化或审美

	排他性	非排他性
竞争性	竞争性市场的产品和服务（多数供给服务）	开放性资源（少数供给服务）
非竞争性	非竞争性团体的产品（少数娱乐服务）	公共产品或服务（多数调节和文化服务）

类别	种类	类型
直接服务	过滤过程及功能	总氮、总磷等营养盐的净化服务
	分解过程及功能	碳氢化物、除草剂等其他污染物的净化服务
	储存过程及功能	地表水、地下水的储存服务
间接服务	维持过程及功能	土壤形成、土壤保持服务
	消减过程及功能	水流调节、洪水调蓄服务
	传递过程及功能	氮、磷、钾等物质循环服务
生态收益	物质供给功能	淡水、能源、水产品、粮产品、运输通道的供给服务
	抵御风险功能	疾病防控、栖息地保障的防护服务
	文化供给功能	休闲娱乐、美学信息、科学教育、地方感的精神享受服务

生态系统服务类型	本研究的分类体系	MA的分类体系	CICES分类体系	FEGS/NESCS分类体系
水质净化	直接服务类	调节服务类	调节服务类	湿地、林地等环境对用水者、旅游者、污水处理厂等人的利益
水量储存	直接服务类	供给服务类	供给服务类	地表环境对灌溉者、养殖户、旅游者等人的利益
土壤保持	间接服务类	调节服务类	调节服务类	林地、草地、湿地等环境对农民、林户等种植者的利益
土壤形成	间接服务类	支撑服务类	调节服务类	—
水流调节	间接服务类	调节服务类	调节服务类	河流、湖泊或坑塘等环境对水利、发电部门的利益
洪水调蓄	间接服务类	调节服务类	调节服务类	林地、草地、湿地等地表植被环境对居民、市政部门的利益
物质循环	间接服务类	支撑服务类	调节服务类	—
农产品	生态收益	供给服务类	供给服务类	农业环境对农户、居民的利益
疾病防控	生态收益	调节服务类	调节服务类	—
休闲娱乐	生态收益	文化服务类	文化服务类	地表林地、草地、水体等景观环境对旅游者、居民的利益
科学教育	生态收益	文化服务类	文化服务类	地表水体、植被、农业等环境对学生、教师、科研工作者的利益