关键新材料创新突破的研究回顾与展望

doi:10.18402/resci.2019.02.01

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

“制造强国梦、材料当先行”。关键新材料是未来高新技术产业发展的基石和先导。本文从关键新材料创新突破的演进规律、技术创新、商业化应用、战略与政策等四个方面梳理了近年来关键新材料创新突破的研究进展。研究表明,产业升级不断对关键新材料创新突破提出新的要求和挑战,而关键新材料的创新突破也会进一步推动产业升级。为此,世界各国都根据本国新材料发展情况纷纷制定关键新材料创新突破战略和政策,争夺科技制高点。然而,关键新材料具有“高技术不确定性”和“高市场不确定性”,这决定了关键新材料创新突破面临“技术创新”和“商业化应用”两大难题。未来需要加强智能制造技术经济范式变革和重点领域智能转型对关键新材料创新突破的影响、关键新材料技术创新突破的实现路径、不同类别关键新材料商业化应用模式的创新以及战略与政策的精准设计等方面的研究。

关键词: 关键新材料, 创新突破, 技术创新, 商业化应用, 研究回顾, 展望

Abstract:

Advanced materials are the cornerstone and precursor of the future development of high-tech industries. This paper provides a systemic review about the innovation evolution, technological innovation, commercialization, national strategies, and policies of advanced materials. It indicates that industrial upgrading has continuously put forward new requirements and challenges for advanced materials. The advanced materials innovation will further promote industrial upgrading. Therefore, different strategies and policy tools for the material innovation are adopted by countries or regions depending on their national circumstances. However, advanced material is highly uncertain in technology and market, demonstrating that it will face two problems of technological innovation and commercialization. Based on these findings and the development of advanced materials, future study in advanced materials innovation should focus mainly on the following four areas: (1) the in-depth study on the impact of intelligent manufacturing technology economic paradigm change and key areas of intelligent transformation on advanced materials innovation. (2) the emphasis study on the paths design for advanced materials technology innovation under special circumstances in China. (3) the in-depth study on the innovation of commercialization models of different kinds of advanced materials. And (4) the in-depth study on the advanced materials policy design on the synergy between government, market and society.

Key words: advanced materials, innovation and breakthrough, technological innovation, commercialization, review, prospects

王昶, 宋慧玲, 耿红军, 周依芳, 张翠虹. 关键新材料创新突破的研究回顾与展望[J]. 资源科学, 2019, 41(2): 207-218.

Chang WANG, Huiling SONG, Hongjun GENG, Yifang ZHOU, Cuihong ZHANG. Review and prospect of advanced material innovative development[J]. Resources Science, 2019, 41(2): 207-218.

图/表 3

图1

表1

主要国家有关新材料领域的战略及重点发展领域"

主要国家	战略计划	重点发展领域
中国	《中国制造2025》、《新材料产业发展指南》、《“十三五”材料领域科技创新专项规划》、《新材料产业“十三五”发展规划》、《关于加快新材料产业创新发展的指导意见》、《关键材料升级换代工程实施方案》等^[6,7,64-67]	①先进基础材料,包括先进钢铁材料、先进有色金属材料、先进化工材料、先进建筑材料等;②关键战略材料,包括高性能纤维及复合材料、稀土功能材料、特种合金等;③前沿新材料,包括石墨烯、金属及高分子增材制造材料、形状记忆合金等
美国	《能源材料网络计划》、《国家纳米技术计划》、《材料基因组计划战略规划》、《先进伙伴制造计划》等^[2,3,68,69]	新能源材料、生物与医药材料、环保材料、纳米材料、航空航天材料、材料基因组、宽禁带半导体材料等
欧盟	《欧盟能源技术战略计划》、《能源2020战略》、《欧洲2020战略》、《“地平线2020”计划》等^{[70,71,72,73]}	结构材料、光学与光电材料、低碳产业相关材料、信息技术材料、生物材料、石墨烯等
英国	《低碳转型计划》、《英国可再生能源发展路线图》、《英国工业2050》等^[74,75,76]	低碳产业相关材料、高附加值制造业相关材料、生物材料、海洋材料等
德国	《2025高技术战略》、《工业4.0战略》、《材料技术MaTech》、《为工业和社会而进行材料创新WING》等^[77,78,79]	可再生能源材料、生物材料、电动汽车相关材料等
日本	《第五期科学技术基本计划》、《能源基本计划》、《元素战略研究》等^[4,80]	纳米材料、电子信息材料、新能源材料、节能环保材料等
韩国	《新增长动力规划及发展战略》、《第五次核能振兴综合计划》、《第四次科学技术基本计划》等^[81,82,83]	显示材料、存储材料、可再生能源材料、信息材料等
俄罗斯	《2030年前能源战略》、《2030年前科学技术发展优先方向》等^[84,85]	耐高温材料、宇航材料、新能源材料、节能环保材料、纳米材料、生物材料、医疗和健康材料、信息材料等

表1

表2

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政策类型	政策工具	新材料政策具体措施	作用环节（S-T-A-M）
政策类型	政策工具	新材料政策具体措施	基础研究	技术应用	产业化	市场化
需求型	政府采购	重点新材料产品优先采购/国防采购合同				√
	价格补贴	新材料产品价格扣除优惠等				√
	贸易政策	调整关键新材料进口关税等				√
环境型	法规管制	新材料产业准入条件/重点新材料产品指导目录/新材料产品认定办法等			√	√
	税收优惠	新材料产业重点研发项目税收减免/新材料高新技术企业所得税优惠/新材料技术交易市场免税等		√	√	√
	财政金融	新材料首批次应用保险补偿机制/新材料信贷风险补偿基金/新材料中小微企业融资担保/新材料研发专项基金/新材料产业投资基金/新兴产业创投引导基金/新材料产业技术改造专项资金/新材料产业发展专项资金等		√	√	√
	知识产权保护	新材料领域知识产权公共服务平台/重要新材料专利联盟/新材料产业专利数据公共服务平台等	√	√
	示范工程	典型材料重点示范应用基地/新材料产业标准化试点示范/新材料产业标准化示范企业和园区/新材料智能制造试点示范/新材料产业基地			√	√
供给型	人才培养	培养新材料专业技术人才/引进新材料领域高层次人才和团队/新材料科研人员科技成果转化收益分配政策等	√	√
	技术支持	设立新材料企业技术中心/建立新材料产业技术创新战略联盟/新材料应用创新平台等	√	√
	公共服务	建立新材料服务平台/建立新材料产业统计监测体系等			√	√