典型脆弱生态区生态退化趋势与治理技术需求分析

doi:10.18402/resci.2019.01.07

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近百年来,全球典型脆弱生态区生态退化日趋严峻,针对这一问题,国内外在生态治理和修复方面做出了巨大努力,积累了数量众多的生态技术,对遏制和缓解生态退化起到了关键性的作用。然而,生态技术常常由于缺乏对具体治理需求的考量而影响了其效果的发挥。本文旨在刻画全球典型生态脆弱区生态退化趋势的基础上,基于利益相关者问卷调查和权威国际组织评估报告,梳理和分析针对主要退化问题和区域的生态技术需求。分析表明,脆弱生态区生态退化主要表现为水土流失、荒漠化、石漠化与生态系统退化,2000—2014年间,全球和中国大部分退化区退化趋势出现持衡或逆转,但仍然有约22%（全球）和11%（中国）的退化区退化程度加重。在不同的退化区,生态技术需求的类型和数量各具特点,主要表现为对复合技术或技术模式需求的增加。生态技术的甄选和应用应当针对具体的退化问题、退化阶段和机理、以及当地的社会经济和政策体制,因此,技术需求评估是选择适宜的治理技术的重要方面,有助于找出技术的输出和引进的区域,促进中国生态文明建设。

关键词: 生态退化, 技术需求, 脆弱生态区

Abstract:

Over the past decades, ecological degradation was grim on global level, especially in typical ecological vulnerable regions. To combat such degradation issues, tremendous efforts have been made among the scientific community, decision makers, and practitioners in the world. A lot of restoration technologies have been developed and applied, which played a key role in restoring and mitigating degraded ecosystems. However, some of the restoration technologies ignored the real needs on the ground and thus affected their applications. This paper aims to describe the trend of ecological degradation at the global level in general and China in specific, assess the technological needs for restoration using data and information from interviews of stakeholders from 18 countries, and 21 assessment reports from international organizations. The results illustrate that the major degradation issues in the vulnerable regions include soil and water erosion, desertification, rock desertification, and ecosystem degradation. Over the past 15 years (2000-2014), degradations in overwhelming majority of the regions remained unchanged or improved, about 22% (global level) and 11% (in China) of the regions exhibited a worsening trend. Technology needs for restoration varied among the regions, indicating an increasing trend in demanding combination of different technologies, rather than single technology, which gave the complexity of degradation issues and their impact on socio-economic development of the region. It is recommended that selection and application of restoration technology shall consider specific degradation issue, phase and drivers of degradation, as well as local conditions including economic, cultural, policy, and institutional settings. Technology required assessment is vital for identifying suitable restoration measures, investigating potential areas for exporting and importing technologies, and promoting ecological construction of China.

Key words: ecological degradation, technology needs, ecological vulnerable regions

甄霖, 胡云锋, 魏云洁, 罗琦, 韩月琪. 典型脆弱生态区生态退化趋势与治理技术需求分析[J]. 资源科学, 2019, 41(1): 63-74.

Lin ZHEN, Yunfeng HU, Yunjie WEI, Qi LUO, Yueqi HAN. Trend of ecological degradation and restoration technology requirement in typical ecological vulnerable regions[J]. Resources Science, 2019, 41(1): 63-74.

图/表 6

表1

生态技术需求分析数据和资料来源"

国际组织	出版物名称	年份
IPBES	Thematic Assessment of Land Degradation and Restoration^[22]	2018
IPBES	Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for Europe and Central Asia^[23]	2018
IPBES	Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for the Americas^[24]	2018
IPBES	Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for Africa^[25]	2018
IPBES	Report of the Plenary of the ·Intergovernmental Science Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on the work of its sixth session^[26]	2018
UNCCD	Sustainable Land Management Contribution to Successful Land-based Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation^[27]	2017
UNCCD	Sustainable Land Management for Climate and People^[28]	2017
FAO	FAO Water Reports 45- Drought characteristics and management in North Africa and the Near East^[29]	2018
WRI	Roots of Prosperity - The Economics and Finance of Restoring Land^[30]	2017
UNEP	Global Environment Outlook - 6 Assessment: West Asia^[31]	2016
UNEP	Global Environment Outlook - 6 Assessment: Pan-European Region^[32]	2016
UNEP	Global Environment Outlook - 6 Assessment: Asia and the Pacific^[33]	2016
UNEP	Global Environment Outlook - 6 Assessment: Africa^[34]	2016
FAO	The state of the world’s land and water resources for food and agriculture (SOLAW)-Managing systems at risk^[35]	2012
WOCAT	Desire for Greener Land - Options for Sustainable Land Management in Drylands^[36]	2012
UNFCCC& UNDP	Technology Needs Assessment for Climate Change^[37]	2010
UN	Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis^[38]	2007
UN	Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Desertification Synthesis^[39]	2007
UN	Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: Biodiversity Synthesis^[40]	2007
UN	Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Wetlands and Water Synthesis^[41]	2007
WB	Sustainable Land Management: Challenges, Opportunities, and Trades-offs^[42]	2006

表1

图1

图2

表2

表3

表4

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技术类型	技术名称	西非	东南亚	中亚	东亚	南亚	东非	北非	南美	欧洲	总计
生物类	抗逆植物培育	√	√			√	√	√			5
	人工造林	√	√				√		√		4
	营建复合农林牧系统	√	√		√				√		4
	人工种草	√	√	√							3
	多样化种植		√			√					2
	植物固沙			√	√						2
农作类	土壤改良	√	√		√	√	√			√	6
	保护性耕作	√	√	√	√					√	5
工程类	小型水坝建造	√	√			√	√	√	√		6
	梯田建造	√	√						√		3
	拦沙坝淤地坝沟道护岸工程	√						√			2
其他类	划区禁牧/轮牧/休牧,舍饲养殖			√	√			√			3
	建立自然保护区	√				√				√	3
	林草病虫害生物防治	√					√				2
	围栏封育			√							1
总计		11	9	5	5	5	5	4	4	3

	生物类
	人工造林	物种筛选	林草病虫害防治	抗逆性植物培育	控制入侵物种	多样种植	人工种草	建立种子库	海岸带种植廊道	人工湿地
荒漠化	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√
退化生态系统	√	√	√	√	√	√			√	√
	农作类											工程类
	农林一体	土壤培肥		保护性耕作		旱作农业	集雨蓄水		节水灌溉			高效水资源配置和利用		坡面防护		人工补给地下水			改善基础设施		排导技术		微地形改造
荒漠化	√	√		√		√	√					√		√		√			√
退化生态系统	√	√							√			√									√		√
	其他类																							总计
	划区禁牧/轮牧/牧/舍饲养殖		社区参与		适宜性管理政策和机制保障			土地规划		能力建设	替代生计		旱作区水产养殖		建立保护区		新能源替代薪柴	控制污染源		围栏封育		退耕/ 休耕		总计
荒漠化	√		√		√			√		√	√		√											24
退化生态系统	√		√		√										√		√	√		√		√		22

技术种类	技术名称	荒漠化、退化草地							水土流失					石漠化
技术种类	技术名称	巴丹吉林/腾格里沙漠/毛乌素沙地边缘	三江源	浑善达克沙地边缘	科尔沁沙地边缘	羌塘藏北高原	吐哈盆地	塔里木盆地	黄土高原丘陵沟壑	燕山山地丘陵	三江平原	辽河三角洲	鄱阳湖湿地	滇黔桂峰丛洼地	总计
生物类	人工建植	√	√	√	√	√			√						6
	高效旱作经果林		√	√					√					√	4
	防除毒杂草技术	√	√	√											3
	景观格局优化		√								√			√	3
	物种筛选		√	√											2
	人工生物结皮	√			√										2
	林分改造								√						1
农作类	高效种植技术		√				√		√						3
	等高沟垄种植								√					√	2
	土壤保水技术	√	√												2
	免耕/休耕	√				√									2
	土壤快速熟化								√						1
	土壤改良	√													1
工程类	植物沙障	√	√	√	√										4
	新型水窖	√							√					√	3
	地坎/地埂保护								√					√	2
	机整梯田								√					√	2
	坝系水土资源利用	√							√						2
	人工湿地建设											√			1
其他类	生态补偿	√	√	√					√	√	√		√		7
	划区禁牧/轮牧/休牧	√	√	√	√			√	√					√	7
	舍饲养畜	√	√	√											3
	建立自然保护区	√	√						√						3
	人工降雨		√							√					2
	化学固沙	√													1
总计	案例区	14	13	8	4	2	1	1	13	2	2	1	1	7
	退化区	19							16					7