资源科学 ›› 2019, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (1): 63-74.doi: 10.18402/resci.2019.01.07
• 专栏:中国自然资源学会2018 年会论文集萃 • 上一篇 下一篇
甄霖1,2(), 胡云锋1,2, 魏云洁1,2, 罗琦1,2, 韩月琪1,2
收稿日期:
2018-12-05
出版日期:
2019-01-25
发布日期:
2019-01-25
作者简介:
作者简介: 甄霖,女,甘肃天水人,博士,研究员,主要从事生态系统服务和生态补偿机制研究。E-mail:
基金资助:
Lin ZHEN1,2(), Yunfeng HU1,2, Yunjie WEI1,2, Qi LUO1,2, Yueqi HAN1,2
Received:
2018-12-05
Online:
2019-01-25
Published:
2019-01-25
摘要:
近百年来,全球典型脆弱生态区生态退化日趋严峻,针对这一问题,国内外在生态治理和修复方面做出了巨大努力,积累了数量众多的生态技术,对遏制和缓解生态退化起到了关键性的作用。然而,生态技术常常由于缺乏对具体治理需求的考量而影响了其效果的发挥。本文旨在刻画全球典型生态脆弱区生态退化趋势的基础上,基于利益相关者问卷调查和权威国际组织评估报告,梳理和分析针对主要退化问题和区域的生态技术需求。分析表明,脆弱生态区生态退化主要表现为水土流失、荒漠化、石漠化与生态系统退化,2000—2014年间,全球和中国大部分退化区退化趋势出现持衡或逆转,但仍然有约22%(全球)和11%(中国)的退化区退化程度加重。在不同的退化区,生态技术需求的类型和数量各具特点,主要表现为对复合技术或技术模式需求的增加。生态技术的甄选和应用应当针对具体的退化问题、退化阶段和机理、以及当地的社会经济和政策体制,因此,技术需求评估是选择适宜的治理技术的重要方面,有助于找出技术的输出和引进的区域,促进中国生态文明建设。
甄霖, 胡云锋, 魏云洁, 罗琦, 韩月琪. 典型脆弱生态区生态退化趋势与治理技术需求分析[J]. 资源科学, 2019, 41(1): 63-74.
Lin ZHEN, Yunfeng HU, Yunjie WEI, Qi LUO, Yueqi HAN. Trend of ecological degradation and restoration technology requirement in typical ecological vulnerable regions[J]. Resources Science, 2019, 41(1): 63-74.
表1
生态技术需求分析数据和资料来源"
国际组织 | 出版物名称 | 年份 |
---|---|---|
IPBES | Thematic Assessment of Land Degradation and Restoration[ | 2018 |
IPBES | Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for Europe and Central Asia[ | 2018 |
IPBES | Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for the Americas [ | 2018 |
IPBES | Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for Africa[ | 2018 |
IPBES | Report of the Plenary of the ·Intergovernmental Science Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on the work of its sixth session[ | 2018 |
UNCCD | Sustainable Land Management Contribution to Successful Land-based Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation[ | 2017 |
UNCCD | Sustainable Land Management for Climate and People[ | 2017 |
FAO | FAO Water Reports 45- Drought characteristics and management in North Africa and the Near East[ | 2018 |
WRI | Roots of Prosperity - The Economics and Finance of Restoring Land[ | 2017 |
UNEP | Global Environment Outlook - 6 Assessment: West Asia[ | 2016 |
UNEP | Global Environment Outlook - 6 Assessment: Pan-European Region[ | 2016 |
UNEP | Global Environment Outlook - 6 Assessment: Asia and the Pacific[ | 2016 |
UNEP | Global Environment Outlook - 6 Assessment: Africa[ | 2016 |
FAO | The state of the world’s land and water resources for food and agriculture (SOLAW)-Managing systems at risk[ | 2012 |
WOCAT | Desire for Greener Land - Options for Sustainable Land Management in Drylands[ | 2012 |
UNFCCC& UNDP | Technology Needs Assessment for Climate Change[ | 2010 |
UN | Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis[ | 2007 |
UN | Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Desertification Synthesis[ | 2007 |
UN | Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: Biodiversity Synthesis[ | 2007 |
UN | Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Wetlands and Water Synthesis[ | 2007 |
WB | Sustainable Land Management: Challenges, Opportunities, and Trades-offs[ | 2006 |
表2
国外生态技术需求及其地域分异"
技术类型 | 技术名称 | 西非 | 东南亚 | 中亚 | 东亚 | 南亚 | 东非 | 北非 | 南美 | 欧洲 | 总计 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
生物类 | 抗逆植物培育 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 5 | ||||
人工造林 | √ | √ | √ | √ | 4 | ||||||
营建复合农林牧系统 | √ | √ | √ | √ | 4 | ||||||
人工种草 | √ | √ | √ | 3 | |||||||
多样化种植 | √ | √ | 2 | ||||||||
植物固沙 | √ | √ | 2 | ||||||||
农作类 | 土壤改良 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 6 | |||
保护性耕作 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 5 | |||||
工程类 | 小型水坝建造 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 6 | |||
梯田建造 | √ | √ | √ | 3 | |||||||
拦沙坝淤地坝沟道护岸工程 | √ | √ | 2 | ||||||||
其他类 | 划区禁牧/轮牧/休牧,舍饲养殖 | √ | √ | √ | 3 | ||||||
建立自然保护区 | √ | √ | √ | 3 | |||||||
林草病虫害生物防治 | √ | √ | 2 | ||||||||
围栏封育 | √ | 1 | |||||||||
总计 | 11 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
表3
不同退化类型生态技术需求"
生物类 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
人工 造林 | 物种 筛选 | 林草病虫 害防治 | 抗逆性 植物培育 | 控制入 侵物种 | 多样 种植 | 人工 种草 | 建立 种子库 | 海岸带 种植廊道 | 人工 湿地 | ||||||||||||||||
荒漠化 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||||||
退化生态系统 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||||||
农作类 | 工程类 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
农林 一体 | 土壤 培肥 | 保护性 耕作 | 旱作 农业 | 集雨 蓄水 | 节水 灌溉 | 高效水资源配置和利用 | 坡面 防护 | 人工补给地下水 | 改善基础设施 | 排导 技术 | 微地形改造 | ||||||||||||||
荒漠化 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||||
退化生态系统 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||||||||
其他类 | 总计 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
划区禁牧/轮牧/牧/舍饲养殖 | 社区 参与 | 适宜性管理政策 和机制保障 | 土地 规划 | 能力 建设 | 替代 生计 | 旱作区 水产养殖 | 建立 保护区 | 新能源 替代薪柴 | 控制 污染源 | 围栏 封育 | 退耕/ 休耕 | ||||||||||||||
荒漠化 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 24 | |||||||||||||||||
退化生态系统 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 22 |
表4
国内典型脆弱生态区生态技术需求"
技术种类 | 技术名称 | 荒漠化、退化草地 | 水土流失 | 石漠化 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
巴丹吉林/腾格里沙漠/毛乌素沙地边缘 | 三江源 | 浑善达 克沙地 边缘 | 科尔沁 沙地 边缘 | 羌塘藏北高原 | 吐哈盆地 | 塔里木盆地 | 黄土高原丘陵沟壑 | 燕山山地丘陵 | 三江平原 | 辽河三角洲 | 鄱阳湖湿地 | 滇黔 桂峰丛洼地 | 总计 | ||||
生物类 | 人工建植 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 6 | |||||||||
高效旱作经果林 | √ | √ | √ | √ | 4 | ||||||||||||
防除毒杂草技术 | √ | √ | √ | 3 | |||||||||||||
景观格局优化 | √ | √ | √ | 3 | |||||||||||||
物种筛选 | √ | √ | 2 | ||||||||||||||
人工生物结皮 | √ | √ | 2 | ||||||||||||||
林分改造 | √ | 1 | |||||||||||||||
农作类 | 高效种植技术 | √ | √ | √ | 3 | ||||||||||||
等高沟垄种植 | √ | √ | 2 | ||||||||||||||
土壤保水技术 | √ | √ | 2 | ||||||||||||||
免耕/休耕 | √ | √ | 2 | ||||||||||||||
土壤快速熟化 | √ | 1 | |||||||||||||||
土壤改良 | √ | 1 | |||||||||||||||
工程类 | 植物沙障 | √ | √ | √ | √ | 4 | |||||||||||
新型水窖 | √ | √ | √ | 3 | |||||||||||||
地坎/地埂保护 | √ | √ | 2 | ||||||||||||||
机整梯田 | √ | √ | 2 | ||||||||||||||
坝系水土资源利用 | √ | √ | 2 | ||||||||||||||
人工湿地建设 | √ | 1 | |||||||||||||||
其他类 | 生态补偿 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 7 | ||||||||
划区禁牧/轮牧/休牧 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 7 | |||||||||
舍饲养畜 | √ | √ | √ | 3 | |||||||||||||
建立自然保护区 | √ | √ | √ | 3 | |||||||||||||
人工降雨 | √ | √ | 2 | ||||||||||||||
化学固沙 | √ | 1 | |||||||||||||||
总计 | 案例区 | 14 | 13 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 13 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7 | |||
退化区 | 19 | 16 | 7 |
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