中国化肥投入对油菜成本效率的影响

doi:10.18402/resci.2018.12.15

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来,中国化肥过量投入的现象十分普遍,由此所造成的农业面源污染问题较为突出,此外,化肥滥用不仅增加了农业生产成本投入,而且不利于农民增收,因此,提升农业化肥的使用效率既是农业绿色发展的必要措施,也是促进农民增收的重要途径。本文以油菜为例,探究在油菜生产中如何改善化肥投入结构以及减少化肥投入量。为探究油菜生产中化肥投入对成本效率的影响,首先利用中国10个油菜主产省市1543份大田实验数据,并采用超越对数生产函数模型,测算出油菜产出值最大时的氮肥最佳投入值、磷肥最佳投入值以及钾肥最佳投入值;其次,借用成本效率函数模型估算出中国油菜主产省份的油菜成本效率;最后,基于化肥投入合理性的视角,探讨油菜生产中的成本效率的主要影响因素。实证研究结果表明,油菜生产中化肥投入结构不合理显著降低了油菜成本效率,其中油菜生产中的氮肥过量投入以及钾肥投入不足,对油菜成本效率均有显著负向影响。因此,在今后化肥投入过程中,要加强对农户合理施肥的宣传力度,增加测土配方技术补贴力度,引导化肥企业提供更为科学适用施肥配方。

关键词: 油菜生产, 配方施肥, 成本效率, 大田试验数据, 氮肥, 磷肥, 钾肥, 化肥过量投入, 中国

Abstract:

In recent years, the phenomenon of excessive fertilizer input in China is very common. The problem of agricultural non-point source pollution is of prominent. In addition, fertilizer abuse not only increases the cost of agricultural production, but also is not conducive to farmers' income. Therefore, improving the efficiency of agricultural fertilizer use is not only a necessary measure for the green development of agriculture, but also an important way to increase farmers' income. This current study takes rapeseed as an example to explore how to improve the fertilizer input structure and reduce the amount of fertilizer input in its production. In order to explore the impact of fertilizer input on cost efficiency in rapeseed production, by using 1543 field experiment data, the logarithmic production function model was established to calculate the optimal input value of nitrogen fertilizer and the best input value of phosphate fertilizer when the output value of rapeseed was the largest. Next, the cost efficiency function model was initiated to estimate the cost efficiency of rapeseed in the main producing provinces of China. Finally, based on the rationality of chemical fertilizer input, the main influencing factors of cost efficiency in rapeseed production were discussed. The results demonstrated that the unreasonable input structure of chemical fertilizer in rapeseed production significantly reduced the cost efficiency of rapeseed. The excessive input of nitrogen fertilizer and insufficient input of potassium fertilizer in rapeseed production all exhibited a significant negative impact on the cost efficiency of rapeseed. Therefore, in the future investment in fertilizers, it is necessary to strengthen the propaganda of rational fertilization of farmers, increase the subsidy of soil testing formula technology, and guide fertilizer enterprises to provide more scientific and applicable fertilization formula.

Key words: rapeseed production, formula fertilization, cost efficiency, field experiment data, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer, excessive fertilizer input, China

刘成, 杨雪, 周晓时, 冯中朝, 张智, 丛日环. 中国化肥投入对油菜成本效率的影响[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(12): 2487-2495.

Cheng LIU, Xue YANG, Xiaoshi ZHOU, Zhongchao FENG, Zhi ZHANG, Rihuan CONG. Impact of fertilizer input on cost efficiency of rapeseed in China[J]. Resources Science, 2018, 40(12): 2487-2495.

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变量	参数估计值	变量	参数估计值
ln N	-3.953**	(ln K)²	0.157***
	(1.687)		(0.051)
ln P	3.686***	ln N×ln P	0.175
	(1.095)		(0.132)
ln K	-1.528*	ln N×ln K	-0.028
	(0.853)		(0.143)
(ln N)²	0.207	ln P×ln K	-0.033
	(0.136)		(0.074)
(ln P)²	-0.291***	Constant	12.230*
	(0.058)		(6.406)
Observations	1 543.000
R-squared	0.177

	氮肥	磷肥	钾肥
贵州	847.022	3 320.237	562.212
四川	820.201	3 480.012	577.104
重庆	862.312	3 518.471	574.472
陕西	785.213	3 500.412	591.274
湖北	802.434	3 607.127	589.282
湖南	780.687	3 665.935	597.714
江西	884.445	3 709.002	580.072
安徽	784.777	3 740.074	603.554
江苏	768.484	3 980.431	617.582
浙江	705.297	4 063.742	645.564
全国	807.795	3 575.854	586.995

	氮肥	磷肥	钾肥
贵州	1 168.529	2 173.185	156.092
四川	1 516.184	1 962.991	263.807
重庆	1 012.830	1 159.003	59.590
陕西	1 775.660	2 535.714	277.643
湖北	1 399.724	2 202.247	329.804
湖南	1 047.675	1 601.905	166.631
江西	1 094.837	2 018.229	336.792
安徽	1 705.136	2 093.136	33.729
江苏	2 055.889	2 285.848	376.045
浙江	2 197.139	2 726.790	264.919

	氮肥	磷肥	钾肥
贵州	37.957	-34.547	-72.235
四川	84.855	-43.592	-54.287
重庆	23.400	-66.695	-89.673
陕西	126.138	-27.559	-53.042
湖北	74.435	-38.947	-44.032
湖南	34.200	-56.302	-72.121
江西	23.788	-45.585	-36.767
安徽	117.278	-44.018	-45.037
江苏	167.526	-42.572	-39.109
浙江	211.522	-32.899	-58.962

函数	变量	均值	标准差	最小值	最大值
前沿成本函数	单位面积生产成本/（元/hm²）	5 788.065	1 979.565	3 119.715	11 617.830
	机械价格/（元/hm²）	608.580	383.580	45.062	1 568.430
	劳动力价格/（元/（日·人））	38.453	23.552	13.702	79.042
	种子价格/（元/kg）	54.175	31.211	2.431	125.000
	化肥价格/（元/kg）	71.655	13.680	43.980	97.530
	农药价格/（元/hm²）	10.231	5.442	3.072	22.431
	土地价格/（元/hm²）	1 101.810	590.415	262.815	3 270.360
	油菜单产/（kg/hm²）	2 021.055	368.910	1 149.321	3 042.480
	播种面积/万hm²	57.138	35.260	12.233	131.758
成本无效率函数	受教育程度/年	8.052	0.470	6.450	8.840
	农村居民收入/（元/年）	6 400.700	3 656.080	1 721.550	21 125.000
	成灾率	0.216	0.120	0.007	0.592
	灌溉率	0.301	0.125	0.106	0.632
	商品率	0.775	10.960	0.397	1.000
	氮肥偏离度	0.901	0.679	0.234	2.115
	磷肥偏离度	-0.432	0.088	-0.666	-0.275
	钾肥偏离度	-0.565	0.136	-0.896	-0.367