少数民族地区传统村落交通可达性分析——以贵州省铜仁市为例

doi:10.18402/resci.2018.11.15

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

少数民族地区传统村落是特定文化传承的重要载体,其交通可达性水平直接影响着少数民族地区的经济社会发展和文化保护与传播。本文运用空间句法与GIS分析方法,以贵州省铜仁市100个被住建部认定的国家级传统村落为研究对象,对其交通可达性的特征与影响要素进行分析。结果显示：① 铜仁市交通路网的连接值等级差异显著,拓扑连接呈“点-轴”放射状结构,高速公路多为高集成度轴线核心,路网拓扑连接等级分布与区域经济发展关系密切。市域内传统村落全局可达性较高的为环梵净山区域的江口、印江、松桃三县以及石阡县,局部可达性高的村落具有极为便利的高等级公路通达,感知可达性高的区域集中在环梵净山区域。② 铜仁市传统村落在环梵净山松桃片区形成一个高密度分布区,在环梵净山印江片区、石阡片区和思南与德江交界片区则形成次高密度分布区,这些区域的路网全局通达度和村落的全局可达性也相对较高,表明全局可达性与传统村落分布成正比。③ 封闭的地形、道路等级及整体经济社会发展水平直接影响了传统村落的交通可达性。铜仁市作为武陵山区域的核心区域,虽然传统村落集中,但是可达性总体水平较差,对本区域经济社会发展、村落文化传承与保护形成挑战,亟待提升。

关键词: 民族地区, 山区, 空间句法, 可达性, 铜仁市

Abstract:

Traditional villages in minority areas are important carriers of specific cultural heritage, and the level of transportation accessibility directly affects the economic and social development, cultural protection, and dissemination in minority areas. Based on spatial syntax and GIS analysis, this study identified the characteristics and influencing factors of traffic accessibility in 100 state-level traditional villages in Tongren City, Guizhou Province. The results illustrated: (1) There was a significant difference in the grade of connection value of Tongren traffic network and the topological connection was a "point-axis" radial structure. The highway was the core of high integration axis and the distribution of network topological connection level was closely related to the development of regional economy. The most accessible traditional villages in the city are Jiangkou County, Yinjiang County, the Songtao County, and Shiqian County in Fanjing Mountain area. The villages with high local accessibility have a very convenient access to high grade highways. The areas with high perceptual accessibility are concentrated in the area around Fanjing Mountains. (2) The traditional villages of Tongren City form a high-density distribution area in Songtao region of Fanjing Mountains, a sub-high density distribution areas among the Yinjiang region around Fanjing Mountains, Shiqian region and the junction area between Sinan and Dejiang area were identified. The overall accessibility of these areas is also relatively high, indicating that the overall accessibility is proportional to the distribution of traditional villages. (3) The closed terrain, road grade, and the overall level of economic and social development directly affected the accessibility of traditional villages. As the core area of Wuling Mountain area, Tongren City illustrates a poor overall level of accessibility due to the concentration of traditional villages, which is a challenge to the economic and social development of the region, the inheritance and protection of village culture, which needs to be promoted.

Key words: ethnic region, mountain area, spatial syntax, accessibility, Tongren City

张忠训, 杨庆媛, 王立, 苏康传, 匡成铭. 少数民族地区传统村落交通可达性分析——以贵州省铜仁市为例[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(11): 2296-2306.

Zhongxun ZHANG, Qingyuan YANG, Li WANG, Kangchuan SU, Chengming KUANG. Traffic accessibility analysis of traditional villages in minority areas: a case study of Tongren City, Guizhou Province[J]. Resources Science, 2018, 40(11): 2296-2306.

图/表 8

图1

表1

空间句法变量及内涵"

指标（变量）	公式表达	内涵
连接度（C）	C_i=k	$k$ 为与节点 $i$ 直接相连的节点个数。连接度值越高表示空间渗透性越好,与其他空间联系密切^[38]
控制值（Ctrl）	$Ctrl = ∑ j = 1 k 1 C i$	k表示与第i个节点相连的节点数;C_i表示道路i的连接值。控制值指一个空间对与之相交的空间的控制程度,反映了该空间对其周边空间的影响程度^[38]
深度值（D）	D_i $= ∑ j = 1, j ≠ i n d ij$ LD_i $= ∑ j = 1, j ≠ i, d ij ≤ 3 n d ij$ MD_i $= D i n - 1$	$n$ 为网络中总节点数（轴线数）;d_ij为i到j的深度值。深度值分为全局深度值（D_i）、平均深度值（MD_i）、局部深度值（LD_i）,局部深度值通常表示深度值为3以内节点的最少连接次数,因此也被称为三步深度值^[32]。深度值反映了空间到达其他空间需经过的最小连接数^[38]
集成度（I）	I_i $= n - 2 2 (M D i - 1)$ LI_i $= n lo g 2 n + 2 3 - 1 + 1 (n - 1) (M D i - 1)$	$n$ 为网络中总节点数（轴线数）;MD_i为平均深度值。集成度指空间与局部空间或整体空间的关系,分为全局集成度（Global Integration Index,简写为I_i）和局部集成度（Local Integration Index,简写为LD_i）,其中全局集成度表示一个空间与其他所有空间的关系,局部集成度表示一个空间与其他空间（即最短距离）的空间关系^[32,38]
智能度（R²）	$R 2 = [∑ (C i - C ˉ) (I i - I ˉ)] 2 ∑ (C i - C ˉ) 2 ∑ (I i - I ˉ) 2$	C_i为道路i的连接值;I_i为全局集成度值; $C ˉ$ 为所有单元空间连接值的均值; $I ˉ$ 为所有单元空间全局集成度的均值。智能度也称协同度,代表整个系统中局部空间与周围空间的关系,反映了由局部空间连通性感知整个空间的能力。当满足0.7≤R²<1时,呈高度相关;当满足0.4≤R²<0.7时,呈中度相关;当满足0.2≤R²<0.4时,呈低度相关;当R²<0.2时不相关。智能度高表明由此空间看到的局部空间有助于建立系统的全局图景,可以作为对其它未见空间的引导^[41,42]

表1

图2

表2

图3

图4

表3

图5

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等级	连接值	控制值	三步深度值
第一等级	2.53	4.55	5.81
第二等级	26.26	47.47	34.60
第三等级	71.21	47.98	59.59

排名	村落名称	全局集成度	村落名称	局部集成度
1	印江土家族苗族自治县新寨乡黔溪村	0.69	松桃苗族自治县正大乡薅菜村苗王城	2.44
2	江口县太平土家族苗族乡云舍村	0.67	碧江区坝黄镇宋家坝村塘边古树园	2.26
3	印江土家族苗族自治县缠溪镇方家岭村	0.66	松桃苗族自治县蓼皋镇文山村	2.04
4	印江土家族苗族自治县中坝乡虹穴村	0.65	石阡县石固仡佬族侗族乡公鹅坳村	2.00
5	印江土家族苗族自治县合水镇兴旺村	0.63	江口县太平土家族苗族乡云舍村	1.99
6	石阡县石固仡佬族侗族乡公鹅坳村	0.63	印江土家族苗族自治县中坝乡虹穴村	1.90
7	碧江区坝黄镇宋家坝村塘边古树园	0.60	印江土家族苗族自治县新寨乡黔溪村	1.89
8	德江县枫香溪镇枫香溪村	0.59	印江土家族苗族自治县合水镇兴旺村	1.77
9	石阡县花桥镇施场村	0.58	石阡县花桥镇施场村	1.71
10	印江土家族苗族自治县永义乡团龙村	0.57	松桃苗族自治县寨英镇寨英村	1.69