“一带一路”倡议下中俄林业合作格局与资源潜力研究

doi:10.18402/resci.2018.11.02

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

俄罗斯是中国“一带一路”倡议的重要合作伙伴国,是“丝绸之路经济带”上的重要一环。俄罗斯森林资源面积和储量都位居世界前列,长期以来是中国木材资源最主要的进口来源地。本文从中俄森林资源合作的重点方向、合作主体和主要地区,中俄木材资源贸易的流向和流量、品种结构、运输通道,以及中俄木材资源合作中存在的问题等方面,对中国-俄罗斯森林资源合作的格局进行了历史和现实的分析。对俄罗斯森林资源空间分布、树种结构、可采林比重和森林资源开发的基础设施与技术条件、俄罗斯森林资源开发政策、投资环境等方面进行了系统研究。通过数据分析和论证,明确了“一带一路”倡议下中国与俄罗斯林业合作开发的资源潜力、重点地区、合作的重点领域、可行模式等。同时指出,中俄林业合作开发要充分考虑当地产业政策、环境保护和各项法规的影响,顾及到各方利益关切,实现两国林业合作开发的互利共赢。

关键词: 一带一路, 中国-俄罗斯, 林业合作, 资源潜力

Abstract:

Russia is an important partner of China's “the Belt and Road” initiative and an important part of “the Silk Road Economic Belt. ” Russia's forest resources and reserves are in the forefront of the world, and have long been the main source of imports of timber resources in China. This study has carried out the characterization of the key directions, cooperation main bodies and main regions of Sino-Russian forest resources cooperation, main areas and models, variety structure of timber resources, the quantity and flow direction of Sino-Russian timber resource trade, variety structure, and timber resource transportation channel and further identified the problems in the corporations of Sino-Russian timber resources. It is noted that the historical and realistic analysis of the pattern of Sino-Russian forest resources cooperation was evaluated. A systematic study was carried out from the aspects of spatial distribution of forest resources, tree species structure, proportion of recoverable forests, infrastructure and technical conditions for forest resource development, and investment environment for Russian forest resource development policies. Through data analysis and demonstration, the resource potential, key areas, key areas of cooperation, and feasible models of Sino-Russian forestry cooperation development under “the Belt and Road” initiative were clarified. Meanwhile, it is pointed out that Sino-Russian forestry cooperation and development should fully consider the impact of local industrial policies, environmental protection and various regulations, take into account the interests of all parties, and achieve mutual benefit and win-win cooperation in forestry cooperation and development between the two countries. It is essential to further strengthen the forestry cooperation at all levels of China and Russia, actively build various forms of wood processing industrial parks, explore various cooperation modes, integrate various resources, and improve the competitiveness of forestry enterprises.

Key words: the Belt and Road, Sino-Russian, forestry cooperation, resource potential

姚予龙, 邵彬, 李泽红. “一带一路”倡议下中俄林业合作格局与资源潜力研究[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(11): 2153-2167.

Yulong YAO, Bin SHAO, Zehong LI. Sino-Russian forestry cooperation pattern and resource potential under "the Belt and Road" initiative[J]. Resources Science, 2018, 40(11): 2153-2167.

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年份	原木			锯材
年份	进口量/万m³	针叶占比/%	非针叶占比/%	进口量/万m³	针叶占比/%	非针叶占比/%
1997	92.37	57.60	42.40	1.20	62.49	37.51
1998	155.71	68.96	31.04	1.30	80.64	19.36
1999	428.19	92.24	7.76	8.93	92.67	7.33
2000	590.67	92.96	7.04	16.97	82.79	17.21
2001	874.03	94.22	5.78	33.05	78.33	21.67
2002	1 426.10	97.20	2.80	59.38	84.01	15.99
2003	1 409.64	90.51	9.49	34.95	74.88	25.12
2004	1 628.23	86.59	13.41	125.63	89.11	10.89
2005	1 819.46	89.83	10.17	164.92	71.43	28.57
2006	2 330.39	81.28	18.72	173.60	80.31	19.69
2007	2 206.10	95.43	4.57	176.10	85.18	14.82
2008	1 889.00	74.30	25.70	213.60	88.34	11.66
2009	1 191.70	95.88	4.12	336.30	91.17	8.83
2010	1 412.70	93.46	6.54	495.20	87.72	12.28
2011	1 473.40	94.14	5.86	662.40	90.17	9.83
2012	941.60	96.38	3.62	682.50	89.20	10.80
2013	1070.10	86.00	14.00	834.00	92.45	7.55
2014	1116.30	83.53	16.47	872.40	91.84	8.16

年份	1990	2000	2005	2010	2015
森林面积/万hm²	80 895	80 927	80 879	81 514	81 493
森林覆盖率/%	47.37	47.39	47.37	47.74	47.73
立木蓄积（带皮材积）/亿m³	800.40	802.70	804.79	815.23	814.88

地区	国土面积/万km²	森林面积/万hm²	森林面积比例/%	森林覆盖率/%	木材蓄积量/亿m³	木材蓄积量比例/%
俄罗斯	1 707.55	79 623	100.00	46.63	833	100.00
远东联邦区	617.99	29 628	37.21	47.94	210	25.21
西伯利亚联邦区	511.48	27 658	34.74	54.07	335	40.22
西北联邦区	167.79	8 845	11.11	52.71	103	12.36
乌拉尔联邦区	178.70	6 980	8.77	39.06	80	9.60
伏尔加河沿岸联邦区	103.59	3 797	4.77	36.65	58	6.96
中央联邦区	65.28	2 270	2.85	34.77	40	4.80
南方联邦区	62.72	445	0.56	7.10	7	0.84

年份	森林面积/亿hm²					年变化/万hm²
年份	1990	2000	2005	2010	2015	1990—2000	2000—2010	2010—2015	1990—2015
原生林	2.42	2.58	2.55	2.73	2.73	164.05	152.12	-12.51	123.97
其他天然再生林	5.55	5.36	5.36	5.22	5.22	-187.96	-135.98	3.84	-128.80
种植林	0.13	0.15	0.17	0.20	0.20	27.09	42.53	4.56	28.76
合计	8.09	8.09	8.09	8.15	8.15	3.19	58.67	-4.10	23.92

排名	种类（学名）	本地种数	蓄积量/亿m³				2010年占比/%	累计占比/%
排名	种类（学名）	本地种数	1990年	2000年	2005年	2010年	2010年占比/%	累计占比/%
1	落叶松（Larch）	4	2.72	2.53	2.50	2.38	29.23	29.23
2	松树（Pine）	6	1.57	1.63	1.62	1.64	20.09	49.33
3	桦树（Birch）	10	1.17	1.10	1.16	1.37	16.85	66.18
4	云杉（Spruce）	6	0.94	1.09	1.08	1.08	13.26	79.44
5	西伯利亚松（Siberian stone pine）	1	0.82	0.85	0.84	0.78	9.55	89.00
6	山杨（Aspen）	1	0.29	0.32	0.33	0.39	4.73	94.73
7	冷杉（Fir）	4	0.29	0.27	0.27	0.25	3.07	96.80
8	橡树（Oak）	5	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	1.09	97.89
9	椴树（Lime）	6	0.05	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.75	98.64
10	山毛榉（Beech）	2	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.22	98.86
	剩余种类	136	0.06	0.07	0.07	0.09	1.14	100.00
	总计（本地）	181	8.00	8.03	8.05	8.15	100.00