林地细碎化程度对农户营林积极性的影响

doi:10.18402/resci.2018.10.11

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

集体林权制度改革会引起林地细碎化程度的变化,进而会对农户营林积极性产生影响。利用国家林业局经济研究发展中心的大样本农户调研数据,分析了林地细碎化程度的动态变化,并从整体和异质性两个视角,实证检验了该变化对农户营林积极性的影响。考虑到林地细碎化的内生性问题,倾向值匹配方法被采用。研究发现：① 集体林权制度改革使林地细碎化程度整体上得到改善,仅有少数（11.70%）农户的林地细碎化程度出现加剧现象;② 受林地细碎化程度改善的影响,农户的单位面积资本投入增加了35%~37%,劳动投入增加了10%~11%;受非农就业行为的影响,农户对林地的要素投入呈现出资本替代劳动的态势;③ 异质性角度看,上述积极作用在不同类型的农户间存在显著差异,即仅对务农为主、商品林为主、较大林地规模、中高收入水平的农户显著。这为后续配套改革措施的目标群体识别提供了决策支持。

关键词: 集体林权制度改革, 林地细碎化, 营林积极性, 农户异质性, 倾向值匹配

Abstract:

The new round collective forest tenure reform (CFTR) has been launched in China. Along with this reform, the fragmentation level of forestland may change, which would further affect farmers’ investment incentives on forestland. Using a large dataset collected by the State Forestry Administration, this study characterized the dynamic changes of forestland fragmentation. Moreover, the effect of this change on farmers’ forestland investments was further investigated under the perspective of farmers’ heterogeneities. The change of fragmentation is considered as an endogenous variable. Hence, the propensity score matching (PSM) method was employed to control the endogeneity bias. The results showed that the level of forestland fragmentation had been generally improved following the CFTR. Only 11.70% of households underwent an exacerbation. Due to this change, farmers’ capital and labor inputs on forestland significantly increased by 35%~37% and 10%~11%, respectively. Furthermore, farmers were inclined to input more capital on farmland, instead of labor. This phenomenon might be resulted from farmers’ behavior of off-farm employments. However, the above effects are not uniform among different farmers. From the perspective of farmers’ heterogeneities, the positive effects are only significant for households who are more relied on agricultural cultivation, households who have more commercial forests, households who have large forestland size, and households who are endowed with medium-high off-farm income rate. These findings will be beneficial to identify the policy targets in the following reform and will provide useful policy implications to improve farmers’ investment incentives on forestland.

Key words: collective forest tenure reform, forestland fragmentation, investment incentives, farmers’ heterogeneity;, propensity score matching

刘晶, 刘璨, 杨红强, 许时蕾, 白秀广, 程娟娟, 张寒. 林地细碎化程度对农户营林积极性的影响[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(10): 2029-2038.

Jing LIU, Can LIU, Hongqiang YANG, Shilei XU, Xiuguang BAI, Juanjuan CHENG, Han ZHANG. The impact of forestland fragmentation on farmers’ investment incentives on forestland[J]. Resources Science, 2018, 40(10): 2029-2038.

图/表 4

表1

表2

表3

表4

参考文献 38

[1]	刘浩, 刘璨. 我国集体林产权制度改革及配套改革相关政策问题研究[J]. 林业经济, 2016, 38(9): 3-12.
	[Liu H, Liu C.The key issues on the reform of collective forestland tenure and the matching reform measures in China[J]. Forestry Economics, 2016, 38(9): 3-12. ]
[2]	Qin P, Xu J.Forest land rights, tenure types, and farmers’ investment incentives in China: an empirical study of Fujian Province[J]. China Agricultural Economic Review, 2013, 5(1): 154-170.
[3]	张红, 周黎安, 徐晋涛, 等. 林权改革、基层民主与投资激励[J]. 经济学(季刊), 2016, 15(3): 845-868.
	[Zhang H, Zhou L A, Xu J T, et al. Property rights reform, grassroots democracy and investment incentives[J]. China Economic Quarterly, 2016, 15(3): 845-868. ]
[4]	吉登艳, 马贤磊, 石晓平. 林地产权对农户林地投资行为的影响研究: 基于产权完整性与安全性-以江西省遂川县与丰城市为例[J]. 农业经济问题, 2015, 36(3): 54-61.
	[Ji D Y, Ma X L, Shi X P.The impact of forest property rights on forestland investments: From the perspective of property rights integrity and security-a case from Suichuan and Fengcheng of Jiangxi Province[J]. Issues in Agricultural Economy, 2015, 36(3): 54-61. ]
[5]	谭淑豪, 曲福田, 尼克·哈瑞柯. 土地细碎化的成因及其影响因素分析[J]. 中国农村观察, 2003, (6): 24-30.
	[Tan S H, Qu F T, Nike H.The analysis of causes of land fragmentation and influencing factors[J]. China Rural Survey, 2003, (6): 24-30. ]
[6]	田传浩, 陈宏辉, 贾生华. 农地市场对耕地零碎化的影响: 理论与来自苏浙鲁的经验[J]. 经济学(季刊), 2005, 4(3): 769-784.
	[Tian C H, Chen H H, Jia S H.The effects of the rental market on land fragmentation: theory and evidence from three provinces[J]. China Economic Quarterly, 2005, 4(3): 769-784. ]
[7]	许庆, 田士超, 徐志刚, 等. 农地制度、土地细碎化与农民收入不平等[J]. 经济研究, 2008, (2): 83-92.
	[Xu Q, Tian S C, Xu Z G, et al. Rural land system, land fragmentation and farmer's income inequality[J]. Economic Research, 2008, (2): 83-92. ]
[8]	刘涛, 曲福田, 金晶, 等. 土地细碎化、土地流转对农户土地利用效率的影响[J]. 资源科学, 2008, 30(10): 1511-1516.
	[Liu T, Qu F T, Jin J, et al. Impact of land fragmentation and land transfer on farmers’ land use efficiency[J]. Resources Science, 2008, 30(10): 1511-1516. ]
[9]	钟甫宁, 王兴稳. 现阶段农地流转市场能减轻土地细碎化程度吗?来自江苏兴化和黑龙江宾县的初步证据[J]. 农业经济问题, 2010, 31(1): 23-32.
	[Zhong F N, Wang X W.Can the current land transfer market reduce the degree of land fragmentation? Preliminary evidence from Xinghua of Jiangsu and Bin county of Heilongjiang[J]. Issues in Agricultural Economy, 2010, 31(1): 23-32. ]
[10]	张海鑫, 杨钢桥. 耕地细碎化及其对粮食生产技术效率的影响-基于超越对数随机前沿生产函数与农户微观数据[J]. 资源科学, 2012, 34(5): 903-910.
	[Zhang H X, Yang G Q.The effects of land fragmentation on technical efficiency of food production: an empirical analysis based on SF production function and microdata of households[J]. Resources Science, 2012, 34(5): 903-910. ]
[11]	黄祖辉, 王建英, 陈志钢. 非农就业、土地流转与土地细碎化对稻农技术效率的影响[J]. 中国农村经济, 2014, (11): 4-16.
	[Huang Z H, Wang J Y, Chen Z G.The impact of off-farm and land transfer on rice farmer technical efficiency[J]. Chinese Rural Economy, 2014, (11): 4-16. ]
[12]	纪月清, 顾天竹, 陈奕山, 等. 从地块层面看农业规模经营-基于流转租金与地块规模关系的讨论[J]. 管理世界, 2017, (7): 65-73.
	[Ji Y Q, Gu T Z, Chen Y S, et al. Studying agricultural scale from land parcel-based on the discussion of relationship between transfer rent and plot scale[J]. Management World, 2017, (7): 65-73. ]
[13]	王嫚嫚, 刘颖, 蒯昊, 等. 土地细碎化、耕地地力对粮食生产效率的影响-基于江汉平原354个水稻种植户的研究[J]. 资源科学, 2017, 39(8): 1488-1496.
	[Wang M M, Liu Y, Kuai H, et al. The effects of land fragmentation and land quality on the technical efficiency of grain production based on 354 rice planters on the Jianghan Plain[J]. Resources Science, 2017, 39(8): 1488-1496. ]
[14]	李鑫, 欧名豪, 马贤磊. 基于景观指数的细碎化对耕地利用效率影响研究-以扬州市里下河区域为例[J]. 自然资源学报, 2011, 26(10): 1758-1767.
	[Li X, Ou M H, Ma X L.Study on the impact of fragmentation on cultivated land use efficiency based on landscape index[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2011, 26(10): 1758-1767. ]
[15]	苏旭霞, 王秀清. 农用地细碎化与农户粮食生产: 以山东省莱西市为例的分析[J]. 中国农村观察, 2002, (3): 22-28.
	[Su X X, Wang X Q.Land fragmentation and households’ food production: taking Laixi of Shandong province for example[J]. China Rural Survey, 2002, (3): 22-28. ]
[16]	连雪君, 毛雁冰, 王红丽. 细碎化土地产权、交易成本与农业生产-来自内蒙古中部平原地区乌村的经验调查[J]. 中国人口•资源与环境, 2014, 24(4): 86-92.
	[Lian X J, Mao Y B, Wang H L.Fragmentated land property, transaction cost and agricultural production: based the survey from Wu village of Inner Mongolia central plains[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2014, 24(4): 86-92. ]
[17]	Tan S H, Heerink N, Kruseman G, et al. Do fragmented landholdings have higher production costs? Evidence from rice farmers in Northeastern Jiangxi Province P. R. China[J]. China Economic Review, 2008, 19(3): 1411-1423.
[18]	Wan G H, Cheng E J.Effects of land fragmentation and returns to scale in the Chinese farming sector[J]. Applied Economics, 2001, 33(2): 183-194.
[19]	秦立建, 张妮妮, 蒋中一. 土地细碎化、劳动力转移与中国农户粮食生产-基于安徽省的调查[J]. 农业技术经济, 2011, (11): 16-23.
	[Qin L J, Zhang N N, Jiang Z Y.Land fragmentation, labor transfer and grain production of farmers in China-based on the survey of Anhui province[J]. Journal of Agrotechnical Economic, 2011, (11): 16-23. ]
[20]	卢华, 胡浩. 非农劳动供给: 土地细碎化起作用吗?基于刘易斯拐点的视角[J]. 经济评论, 2017, (1): 148-160.
	[Lu H, Hu H.Off-farm supply: dose land fragmentation work? Based on perspective of Levis turning-point[J]. Economic Review, 2017, (1): 148-160. ]
[21]	许庆, 田士超, 徐志刚, 等. 农地制度、土地细碎化与农民收入不平等[J]. 经济研究, 2008, (2): 83-92.
	[Xu Q, Tian S C, Xu Z G, et al. Rural land system, land fragmentation and farmer's income inequality[J]. Economic Research, 2008, (2): 83-92. ]
[22]	李谷成, 冯中朝, 占绍文. 家庭禀赋对农户家庭经营技术效率的影响冲击-基于湖北省农户的随机前沿生产函数实证[J]. 统计研究, 2008, (1): 35-42.
	[Li G C, Feng Z C, Zhan S W.Impact of family endowment on technical efficiency: an empirical stochastic frontier production function analysis based on households from Hubei province[J]. Statistical Research, 2008, (1): 35-42. ]
[23]	李功奎, 钟甫宁. 农地细碎化、劳动力利用与农民收入-基于江苏省经济欠发达地区的实证研究[J]. 中国农村经济, 2006, (4): 42-48.
	[Li G K, Zhong F N.Farmland fragmentation, utilization of labor force and income of farmers: an empirical study based on the economically underdeveloped areas in Jiangsu[J]. Chinese Rural Economy, 2006, (4): 42-48. ]
[24]	徐秀英, 李兰英, 李晓格, 等. 林地细碎化对农户林业生产技术效率的影响-以浙江省龙游县竹林生产为例[J]. 林业科学, 2014, 50(10): 106-112.
	[Xu X Y, Li L Y, Li X G, et al. Effects of forestland fragmentation on technical efficiency of farmers’ forestry production: a case study on the bamboo production in Longyou, Zhejiang[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2014, 50(10): 106-112. ]
[25]	孔凡斌, 廖文梅. 集体林分权条件下的林地细碎化程度及与农户林地投入产出的关系-基于江西省8县602户农户调查数据的分析[J]. 林业科学, 2012, 48(4): 119-126.
	[Kong F B, Liao W M.Relationships between the woodland fragmentation, farmers' investment and forest productivity in the reform of collective forest property right system: an empirical analysis of 602 households survey in 8 counties of Jiangxi province[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2012, 48(4): 119-126. ]
[26]	陆岐楠, 展进涛. 平原集体林权制度改革、林地细碎化与规模化经营路径选择-基于南京农户调查的实证分析[J]. 林业经济, 2015, (4): 21-26.
	[Lu Q N, Zhan J T.Collective forestland tenure reform on plain, forestland fragmentation and path selection of scale management: an empirical analysis based on household’ survey of Nanjing province[J]. Forestry Economics, 2015, (4): 21-26. ]
[27]	Xie L Y, Berck P, Xu J T.The effect on forestation of the collective forest tenure reform in China[J]. China Economic Review, 2016, 38(1): 116-129.
[28]	王水连, 辛贤. 土地细碎化是否阻碍甘蔗种植机械化发展?[J]. 中国农村经济, 2017, (2): 16-29.
	[Wang S L, Xin X.Does land fragmentation hinder the implementation of sugarcane planting mechanization[J]. Chinese Rural Economy, 2017, (2): 16-29. ]
[29]	Xie Y, Gong P, Han X, et al. The effect of collective forestland tenure reform in China: dose land parcelization reduce forest management intensity[J]. Journal of Forest Economics, 2014, 20(2): 133-155.
[30]	Rosenbaum P R, Rubin D B.The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects[J]. Biometrika, 1983, 70(1): 41-55.
[31]	张寒, 刘璨, 刘浩. 林地调整对农户营林积极性的因果效应分析-基于异质性视角的倾向值匹配估计[J]. 农业技术经济, 2017, (1): 37-51.
	[Zhang H, Liu C, Liu H.The effect of forestland adjustment on households’ management incentives: propensity score matching estimation based on heterogeneities[J]. Journal of Agrotechnical Economic, 2017, (1): 37-51. ]
[32]	张寒, 刘璨, 姚顺波, 等. 林地面积增加提高了农户营林积极性吗?基于9省1504个农户数据的倾向值匹配分析[J]. 自然资源学报, 2016, 31(11): 1793-1805.
	[Zhang H, Liu C, Yao S B, et al. Does more forestland improve farmers’ forest management enthusiasm: a propensity score matching approach with 1504 households dataset of nine provinces[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2016, 31(11): 1793-1805. ]
[33]	倪国华, 蔡昉. 农户究竟需要多大的农地经营规模?农地经营规模决策图谱研究[J]. 经济研究, 2015, (3): 159-171.
	[Ni G H, Cai F.What is the proper land management scale really needed by farmers[J]. Economic Research, 2015, (3): 159-171. ]
[34]	李实, 万海远. 劳动力市场培育与中等收入陷阱-评《中国劳动力市场发展报告2011-2013》[J]. 经济研究, 2014, (4): 187-191.
	[Li S, Wan H Y.Cultivate labor market and middle-income trap-China labor market development report: 2011-2013[J]. Economic Research, 2014, (4): 187-191. ]
[35]	李明艳, 陈利根, 石晓平. 非农就业与农户土地利用行为实证分析: 配置效应、兼业效应与投资效应-基于2005年江西省农户调研数据[J]. 农业技术经济, 2010, (3): 41-51.
	[Li M Y, Chen L G, Shi X P.Empirical analysis on farmers' non-agricultural employment and land use behavior: allocation effect, multiple job holding effect and investment effect-based on household survey data in Jiangxi province in 2005[J]. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2010, (3): 41-51. ]
[36]	Rozelle S, Taylor J, Debrauw A.Migration, remittances and agricultural productivity in China[J]. American Economic Review, 1999, 89(2): 287-291.
[37]	高梦滔, 姚洋. 农户收入差距的微观基础: 物质资本还是人力资本?[J]. 经济研究, 2006, (12): 71-80.
	[Gao M T, Yao Y.Which is the main reason for income in rural China: physical assets or human capital[J]. Economic Research, 2006, (12): 71-80. ]
[38]	Uchida E, Rozelle S, Xu J T.Conservation payments, liquidity constraints and off-farm labor: impact of the grain for green program on rural households in China[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2009, 91(1): 70-86.

	处理组	控制组		t值
	细碎化改善户	细碎化不变户	细碎化加剧户	t值
均值/（hm²/块）	1.19	0.56	0.53
样本数	1 034	552	210
劳动力/（（人·天）/亩）	2.99	3.00		-0.01
资本/（元/亩）	54.73	50.14		0.29
化肥/（元/亩）	12.84	10.30		0.83
种子/（元/亩）	1.46	3.83		-1.25
农药/（元/亩）	4.91	2.96		0.96
其他/（元/亩）	34.96	32.48		0.18

变量		处理组	控制组	标准偏差/%	t值
户主性别	匹配前	0.97	0.95	9.50	2.03**
户主性别	匹配后	0.97	0.97	1.30	0.33
户主年龄	匹配前	3.95	3.97	-9.40	-1.98**
户主年龄	匹配后	3.95	3.96	-0.60	-0.14
户主文化程度	匹配前	2.05	2.00	9.20	1.94*
户主文化程度	匹配后	2.05	2.04	1.40	0.32
户主是否干部	匹配前	0.22	0.18	8.50	1.76*
户主是否干部	匹配后	0.22	0.22	0.20	0.04
农地面积	匹配前	1.52	1.46	7.60	1.59
农地面积	匹配后	1.52	1.51	0.20	0.04
农地地块数	匹配前	1.59	1.64	-7.10	-1.49
农地地块数	匹配后	1.59	1.61	-2.60	-0.59
总收入	匹配前	10.09	9.93	17.50	3.66***
总收入	匹配后	10.08	10.06	2.50	0.58
非农收入占总收入比重	匹配前	0.45	0.45	0.70	0.16
非农收入占总收入比重	匹配后	0.45	0.45	0.30	0.08
劳动力人数	匹配前	1.17	1.17	-0.60	-0.13
劳动力人数	匹配后	1.17	1.17	0.10	0.03
非农就业工资	匹配前	3.74	3.67	10.30	2.15**
非农就业工资	匹配后	3.74	3.72	1.30	0.28
主要农产品价格	匹配前	0.57	0.57	0.50	0.11
主要农产品价格	匹配后	0.57	0.60	-3.10	-0.70
木材价格	匹配前	2.48	2.40	4.80	1.02
木材价格	匹配后	2.47	2.51	-2.60	-0.62
经济林产品价格	匹配前	0.14	0.26	-21.90	-4.70***
经济林产品价格	匹配后	0.14	0.14	0.60	0.18
距离县城距离	匹配前	3.11	3.14	-2.60	-0.53
距离县城距离	匹配后	3.11	3.13	-1.50	-0.33
道路是否硬化	匹配前	0.59	0.70	-22.70	-4.74***
道路是否硬化	匹配后	0.59	0.59	-0.60	-0.13
集体林改时间	匹配前	2005年6月	2005年8月	-9.60	-2.01**
集体林改时间	匹配后	2005年6月	2005年6月	0.60	0.13

	劳动力	资本	化肥	种苗	农药	其他
KBM	0.10** （0.05）	0.35*** （0.10）	0.20*** （0.07）	0.08** （0.04）	0.08* （0.05）	0.17** （0.08）
NNM	0.11** （0.05）	0.37*** （0.11）	0.18** （0.07）	0.07* （0.04）	0.09* （0.05）	0.20** （0.09）
OLS	0.01 （0.04）	0.20** （0.09）	0.09 （0.06）	0.04 （0.03）	0.01 （0.04）	0.07 （0.08）

投入强度	匹配方法	非农就业占比≤25%	商品林占比>75%	林地规模1.00~2.87hm²	家庭收入22 271~39 255元
资本	KBM	0.84***	0.27**	0.46**	0.48**
	NNM	0.83***	0.28**	0.49**	0.49**
劳动力	KBM	0.26*	0.01	0.06	0.09
	NNM	0.21	0.01	0.09	0.10