陕南易地扶贫搬迁农户生计脆弱性研究

doi:10.18402/resci.2018.10.09

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

易地扶贫搬迁是精准扶贫的重要实现途径之一,脆弱性评估为易地扶贫搬迁在生计层面的研究提供了一个新思路。本研究通过构建易地扶贫搬迁农户的生计脆弱性评价指标体系及评估模型,运用生计脆弱性指数衡量农户的生计脆弱度,探讨不同类型农户的生计脆弱性指数及其维度的差异,选择多元线性回归模型分析估计农户暴露度、敏感性、适应能力和生计脆弱度的影响因素。结果显示：调查区域工程移民的生计脆弱性指数分布不均,内部分化明显,生计脆弱度相对较高,而各种安置方式的农户群体之间均在生计上表现出一定的脆弱程度。高收入农户生计脆弱性指数为偏态分布,表现为相对低位均衡化。随着农户生计多样化程度的提升,从单一生计户到多种生计户,敏感性和适应能力均趋于升高,而两种生计户的生计脆弱度最低。风险冲击、信贷可能性和已搬迁时间以及家庭规模、家庭负担比、教育和对周围人信任度均是影响易地扶贫搬迁农户生计脆弱性的重要因素。针对项目区搬迁农户生计脆弱性差异和重要影响因素,提出降解生计脆弱性的对策建议。

关键词: 易地扶贫, 生计脆弱性评估, 搬迁农户, 多元线性回归模型, 陕西省南部

Abstract:

The poverty alleviation relocation is an important part of targeted poverty alleviation effort. Vulnerability assessment provides a new idea for the study of the poverty alleviation relocation on livelihoods of rural households. By constructing the evaluation index system and assessment model, the Livelihood Vulnerability Index was adopted to measure the rural household's vulnerability degree. The differences between different types of rural household's livelihood vulnerability index and its dimensions were identified. The multiple linear regression model was selected to estimate the influence factors of the degree of exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity and livelihood vulnerability. The livelihood vulnerability index of infrastructural resettlement in survey area is unevenly distributed, the internal differentiation is obvious, and the livelihood vulnerability is relatively high, and the farmer households of various resettlement modes show a certain degree of vulnerability in their livelihood. The high-income farmers' livelihood vulnerability index is skewed, showing a relatively low equilibrium. With the increase in the diversification of farmers' livelihoods, from single households to multiple households, the sensitivity and adaptability tend to increase, while the two kinds of livelihoods of the households are the least. The risk shocks, credit possibilities and already relocation time as well as household size, family dependency ratio, education and trust in the surrounding people are all key factors that affect the livelihood vulnerability of poverty alleviation relocated rural households. In view of the differences and important influencing factors of the livelihood vulnerability of the relocation in the project area, the countermeasures and suggestions for the livelihood vulnerability of degradation were proposed.

Key words: poverty alleviation resettlement, livelihood vulnerability evaluation, relocation rural households, multiple linear regression model, southern Shaanxi

刘伟, 徐洁, 黎洁. 陕南易地扶贫搬迁农户生计脆弱性研究[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(10): 2002-2014.

Wei LIU, Jie XU, Jie LI. Livelihood vulnerability of rural households under poverty alleviation relocation in southern Shaanxi, China[J]. Resources Science, 2018, 40(10): 2002-2014.

图/表 6

表1

易地扶贫搬迁农户生计脆弱性评价指标"

维度	指标	权重	指标描述与定义	均值	标准差
暴露水平	农林业损失	0.101 1	农林业损失金额/元	20.022	239.556
	财产损失	0.078 1	财产受损金额/元	145.740	3 033.844
	养殖意外损失	0.056 6	养殖损失金额/元	33.557	521.370
	信贷可能性	0.054 7	肯定能为1,较大为2,一般为3,较小为4,肯定不能为5	3.540	1.328
	住房结构	0.047 1	土木结构为1.00,砖木结构为0.67,砖混结构为0.33	0.380	0.157
敏感性	成员健康状况	0.038 0	医疗费用占家庭总收入的<20%为0.33;20%~50%的为0.67;≥50%以上的为1.00	0.548	0.220
	负面影响	0.037 7	调查户所面临搬迁负面影响的选项数	1.717	0.831
	收入依赖度	0.036 5	农林养殖业收入占家庭收入的比重/%	0.118	0.211
	食物依赖度	0.042 9	自给自足食物收入占家庭年度食物总消费的比重/%	0.032	0.123
	能源依赖度	0.040 7	薪柴采集收入占家庭年度能源消费的比重/%	0.097	0.227
	饮水可及性	0.039 6	家中有自来水为0,否则为1	0.038	0.189
适应能力	人均纯收入	0.034 5	家庭人均纯收入/元	5 635.722	6 238.159
	人均教育年限	0.032 5	所有家庭成员的平均受教育年限/年	5.837	2.570
	家庭负担比	0.031 3	（少儿数+老年人数）/劳动力数量	0.278	0.219
	人均耕地面积	0.022 7	人均耕地面积/亩	1.171	2.896
	住房面积	0.050 9	家庭住房面积/m²	155.120	81.699
	物质资产	0.028 0	农户家庭拥有各项资产的极差标准化	0.338	0.120
	信贷资本	0.025 6	由“有无从银行贷款”、“在银行有无存款”和“有无从亲朋好友处借款”3个指标合成	0.321	0.251
	是否接受培训	0.030 2	家庭成员接受培训为1,否则为0	0.179	0.383
	对周围人信任度	0.029 4	非常不信任为1;比较不信任为2;一般为3;比较信任为4;非常信任为5	14.890	2.489
	可提供救助户数	0.024 2	家庭急需大笔开支能提供救助的户数/户	3.813	4.879
	社会网络	0.023 6	亲戚中公职人员的数量/人	0.368	1.097
	适应能力自评	0.018 7	无能力为1;低能力为2;中等能力为3;较高能力为4;高能力为5	3.179	1.012
	居住便利性	0.019 7	是为1,否为0	0.926	0.258
	政策了解程度	0.020 4	非常不了解为1;不了解为2;一般为3;了解为4;非常了解为5	3.585	1.099
	政策支持情况	0.018 0	调查户享受所列政策的选项数	3.203	2.216
	生计多样化指数	0.017 0	农户家庭从事的生计活动种类数	1.683	0.966

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表2

图1

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表3

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农户生计类型	家庭规模/人	家庭负担比/%	人均耕地面积/亩	人均纯收入/元	住房面积/m²
纯农户	4.22	0.28	1.58	4 254.07	163.04
多样化生计户	4.80	0.27	0.91	6 657.50	155.12
非农户	4.34	0.28	1.29	5 114.03	153.37

生计类型	暴露度	敏感性	适应能力	脆弱度	多样化程度	暴露度	敏感性	适应能力	脆弱度
纯农户	0.043 2	0.049 9	0.121 6	-0.028 6	单一生计户	0.039 1	0.023 3	0.121 1	-0.058 7
多样化生计户	0.038 0	0.036 1	0.131 5	-0.057 4	两种生计户	0.035 5	0.031 9	0.126 5	-0.059 1
非农户	0.039 1	0.021 2	0.119 6	-0.059 3	多种生计户	0.039 7	0.044 1	0.135 5	-0.051 7

解释变量	暴露度	敏感性	适应能力	生计脆弱度
家庭规模	-0.000(0.000)	-0.001(0.001)	0.001**(0.001)	-0.003***(0.001)
平均受教育年限	-0.000**(0.000)	-0.001(0.000)	0.004***(0.000)	-0.005***(0.001)
家庭负担比	0.004(0.003)	0.001(0.004)	0.031***(0.005)	-0.026***(0.007)
搬迁类型
减贫移民	0.005**(0.003)	-0.011**(0.004)	-0.003(0.004)	-0.003(0.007)
生态移民	0.007***(0.002)	-0.003(0.004)	-0.008*(0.004)	0.012*(0.007)
工程移民	0.004**(0.002)	-0.004(0.003)	-0.003(0.003)	0.003(0.005)
减灾移民	0.005(0.002)	-0.006*(0.003)	-0.004(0.004)	0.002(0.006)
安置方式
集中安置	0.006(0.004)	0.009(0.007)	0.001(0.007)	0.013(0.011)
分散安置	0.006(0.004)	0.010(0.006)	0.003(0.006)	0.013(0.010)
自主外迁	0.008*(0.004)	0.004(0.007)	0.004(0.007)	0.008(0.011)
已搬迁时间	0.000***(0.000)	0.000*(0.000)	-0.000(0.000)	0.001***(0.000)
信贷可能性	0.013***(0.000)	-0.000(0.001)	-0.003***(0.001)	0.016***(0.001)
人均纯收入	1.74e-08(9.07e-08)	0.57e-08***(0.15e-08)	0.94e-08***(0.15e-08)	-0.35e-08(0.24e-08)
生计多样化指数	0.001(0.001)	0.006***(0.001)	0.006***(0.001)	0.000(0.002)
对周围人信任度	-0.000**(0.000)	0.001(0.000)	0.002***(0.000)	-0.002***(0.001)
风险冲击	0.039***(0.003)	0.020***(0.005)	0.010*(0.006)	0.049***(0.009)
地区变量	控制	控制	控制	控制
常数	-0.011*(0.006)	0.035***(0.010)	0.046***(0.011)	-0.022(0.017)
R²	0.765	0.381	0.470	0.549
F统计量	79.530	15.030	21.640	29.790