中国海洋等效虚拟水初步测算及结构性特征分析

doi:10.18402/resci.2018.09.14

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文提出“海洋等效虚拟水”概念,以陆海统筹思想为指导,采取陆海同功能产品或服务可等效转换的思路,从食物、废水净化、发电三个角度分别提出“海洋食物等效虚拟水”、“海洋环境等效虚拟水”和“海洋能源等效虚拟水”。以中国沿海地区为研究区域,探究在海洋开发与利用过程中海洋产品或服务对陆地淡水资源的等效替代能力。研究结果显示,中国海洋等效虚拟水总量呈U型变化趋势,从2006年的182.05亿m³,先下降到2011年的145.03亿m³,又上升到2014年的165.68亿m³。研究期间海洋等效虚拟水含量占用水量的比例达6.4%,未来海水养殖等效虚拟水和海上风电等效虚拟水的显著增加将促进海洋等效虚拟水含量进一步升高。此外,本文根据中国海洋等效虚拟水结构性特征提出优化方向,并根据各省市海洋等效虚拟水结构性特征提出具体的优化设计,为中国沿海地区海洋等效虚拟水的发展提供借鉴。海洋等效虚拟水的稳定供给必须在海洋资源、环境可持续发展的前提下实现,合理利用海洋实现陆地水资源补充是解决沿海地区未来水资源难题的重要途径。

关键词: 海洋等效虚拟水, 海洋食物等效虚拟水, 海洋环境等效虚拟水, 海洋能源等效虚拟水, 中国沿海地区

Abstract:

The article puts forward the concept of marine equivalent virtual water. Under the guidance of land-sea coordination and according the idea that products and services in the same function between the sea and land can be converted equivalently, “marine food equivalent virtual water”, “marine environment equivalent virtual water, ” and “marine energy equivalent virtual water” are initiated from the perspectives of food, wastewater purification, and power generation. Taking the coastal areas of China as the research region, the replenishment capacity of marine products or services for terrestrial freshwater resources were explored in the process of mari ne development and utilization. The results showed that the total amount of China marine equivalent virtual water is U-shape trend. It fell from 18.2 billion m³ in 2006 to 14.5 billion m³ in 2011, and then rose to 16.6 billion m³ in 2014. During the study period, the content of marine equivalent virtual water occupies the proportion of water consumption to reach 6.4%. The increase of marine culture equivalent virtual water and marine wind equivalent energy virtual water will promote the amount of marine equivalent virtual water in the future. Meanwhile, this paper demonstrates the optimization direction based on the structural characteristics of marine virtual water in China, and consolidates the specific optimization design based on the structural characteristics of marine equivalent virtual water of the provinces and cities. It will provides a reference for the improvement of marine equivalent virtual water in coastal areas of China. The stable supply of marine equivalent virtual water must be realized under the precondition of sustainable development of marine resources and environments. It is an important way to solve the problems of water resources in the future by utilizing the ocean to replenish land water resources rationally.

Key words: marine equivalent virtual water, marine food equivalent virtual water, marine environment equivalent virtual water, marine energy equivalent virtual water, coastal areas of China

孙才志, 张梦飞. 中国海洋等效虚拟水初步测算及结构性特征分析[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(9): 1843-1854.

Caizhi SUN, Mengfei ZHANG. Preliminary calculation and structural analysis of China’s marine equivalent virtual water[J]. Resources Science, 2018, 40(9): 1843-1854.

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方式	序号	类别	天津	河北	辽宁	上海	江苏	浙江	福建	山东	广东	广西	海南
海洋捕捞	1	鱼	632	553	519	490	527	515	515	544	519	502	506
	2	虾	339	360	360	389	373	373	373	373	373	373	385
	3	蟹	398	398	368	398	398	398	398	398	368	368	368
	4	贝	255	268	255	293	293	293	293	255	293	326	306
	5	藻（干）	-	-	607	-	712	749	837	607	837	837	992
	6	头足	314	410	410	410	410	410	410	410	410	410	410
	7	其他	222	222	222	222	222	222	222	222	222	222	222
海水养殖	8	鱼	414	414	414	423	452	423	414	427	427	435	419
	9	虾	389	377	373	389	373	389	389	389	410	389	389
	10	蟹	398	398	398	-	398	368	368	398	335	335	335
	11	贝	-	268	255	-	293	293	293	255	293	326	306
	12	藻（干）	-	-	607	-	712	749	837	607	837	-	992
	13	其他	-	276	352	-	222	276	352	352	251	113	-
远洋捕捞	14	远洋捕捞	573	314	573	573	314	573	573	573	829	829	829

年份	2001	2003	2005	2007	2009	2011	2013	2015
天津	0.35	0.42	0.36	0.38	0.33	0.32	0.80	0.82
河北	3.99	3.68	4.00	3.74	3.82	3.52	4.01	4.78
辽宁	17.88	15.58	17.06	17.56	22.35	18.78	19.61	24.80
上海	0.33	0.48	0.59	0.63	0.59	0.45	0.46	0.63
江苏	2.25	2.45	2.72	3.21	3.42	3.60	3.70	3.64
浙江	13.82	13.43	14.07	12.64	12.58	14.47	16.20	17.91
福建	16.84	17.05	17.43	16.71	17.13	17.67	18.68	20.64
山东	12.09	14.93	13.98	14.63	15.06	15.90	15.81	17.47
广东	13.82	14.10	15.37	15.88	16.29	16.60	18.12	17.77
广西	6.24	6.33	6.68	6.02	6.09	6.65	6.52	6.72
海南	4.40	5.93	8.13	6.55	7.03	7.70	8.00	8.90
总量	92.02	94.38	100.39	97.96	104.70	105.67	111.90	124.09

年份	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015
天津	2.27	6.63	0.16	0.41	0.34	0.50	0.33	1.00	2.00	1.67
河北	0.80	0.80	0.66	0.46	0.49	0.67	0.33	0.50	0.33	0.83
辽宁	5.96	6.33	5.68	3.69	3.82	3.50	5.33	5.83	3.17	3.67
上海	2.28	1.90	2.38	1.49	1.29	1.17	1.00	0.67	1.17	1.17
江苏	1.32	0.66	0.65	1.34	0.48	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.33
浙江	21.29	16.28	15.70	15.39	15.07	13.83	14.00	14.50	13.83	13.67
福建	8.22	10.40	4.45	6.20	3.42	5.50	5.67	4.67	4.33	4.33
山东	9.26	7.86	4.69	3.71	3.71	3.67	3.67	3.50	3.67	3.83
广东	11.95	9.54	10.86	8.02	5.51	3.33	2.83	2.67	2.67	1.83
广西	14.44	5.87	4.02	2.78	0.76	1.17	1.50	1.50	2.00	2.17
海南	3.28	2.88	2.89	1.93	1.69	1.33	1.33	1.67	1.67	1.50
总量	81.08	69.14	52.14	45.43	36.56	35.00	36.33	36.83	35.17	35.00

年份	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
天津	-	-	-	-	-	0.05	0.05	0.06	0.06
河北	-	-	0.02	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04
辽宁	0.02	0.03	0.06	0.09	0.15	0.21	0.27	0.38	0.47
上海	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.03	0.04	0.06	0.07	0.07	0.07
江苏	0.03	0.15	0.22	0.34	0.44	0.52	0.59	0.66	0.74
浙江	1.65	1.65	1.69	1.70	1.72	1.76	1.84	1.86	1.89
福建	0.02	0.04	0.05	0.11	0.15	0.19	0.24	0.36	0.47
山东	0.25	0.29	0.33	0.46	0.53	0.82	1.00	1.17	1.34
广东	0.35	0.36	0.38	0.43	0.51	0.67	0.76	0.81	0.96
广西	-	-	-	0.000 5	0.000 5	0.000 5	0.000 5	0.000 5	0.000 5
海南	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.04	0.04	0.05	0.06	0.06	0.06
总量	2.33	2.53	2.78	3.23	3.58	4.37	4.90	5.47	6.11

年份	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	海洋等效虚拟水总量占用水量比重/%
天津	2.65	7.01	0.48	0.74	0.66	0.86	0.76	1.86	2.89	8.58
河北	4.78	4.54	4.49	4.32	4.48	4.22	4.24	4.55	4.84	2.29
辽宁	24.25	23.92	22.44	26.13	25.24	22.49	25.61	25.83	32.46	17.78
上海	3.02	2.54	3.07	2.11	1.79	1.68	1.55	1.19	1.87	1.74
江苏	4.09	4.02	4.25	5.11	4.47	4.46	4.62	4.70	4.79	0.80
浙江	35.64	30.57	29.47	29.68	30.55	30.06	30.88	32.56	32.56	15.45
福建	25.16	27.16	21.18	23.44	21.29	23.36	24.09	23.70	24.37	11.84
山东	22.88	22.78	19.90	19.23	19.81	20.39	20.44	20.48	22.16	9.47
广东	27.99	25.78	27.94	24.74	22.71	20.60	20.38	21.60	21.13	5.17
广西	21.06	11.89	10.14	8.88	7.03	7.82	7.94	8.02	8.52	3.31
海南	10.54	9.43	9.65	9.00	9.53	9.08	9.18	9.72	10.09	21.18
总量	182.05	169.63	153.02	153.37	147.54	145.03	149.69	154.20	165.68	6.38