资本禀赋如何影响牧民减畜——基于内蒙古372户牧民的实证考察

doi:10.18402/resci.2018.09.04

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于布迪厄的实践理论,构建了资本禀赋影响牧民减畜的理论框架与研究假说。同时,利用对内蒙古372户牧民的实地调查数据,运用双栏模型实证检验并分析了资本禀赋对牧民减畜意愿及程度的影响。研究发现：① 研究区牧民减畜意愿不高,减畜规模整体较低,仅49.731%表示愿意减畜,且平均减畜规模为59.717只羊,仅占达到草畜平衡标准户均应减规模（122.568只羊单位）的48.721%,仍存在较大的减畜空间。② 资本禀赋对牧民减畜行为影响显著。其中,经济资本中家庭收入和牲畜数量对牧民减畜意愿和程度均有显著促进作用,草场面积对减畜意愿有显著抑制作用;文化资本中蒙古族、文化程度分别对牧民减畜意愿和程度有显著促进作用;社会资本中人际信任、人际网络和互惠规范对牧民减畜意愿均有显著促进作用,道德约束对牧民减畜的意愿和程度均有显著促进作用。③ 政府补贴与草原生态认知对牧民减畜意愿和程度存在正向影响。

关键词: 草原生态保护, 减畜行为, 资本禀赋, Double-Hurdle模型

Abstract:

Based on the Bourdieu's theory of practice, we constructed the theoretical framework and research hypothesis of capital endowment affecting herdsman's reduction of livestock. We further analyzed the influence of capital endowment on the willingness and level of herders' reduction of livestock by using Double-Hurdle model and sample survey data of 372 herdsmen in Inner Mongolia. The results showed that: 1, the willingness of the herdsmen to reduce livestock in the study area is not high, and the scale of livestock reduction is overall low. Only 49.731% of them are willing to reduce their livestock, and the average reduction scale is 59.717 sheep, which accounts for 48.721% of the households that have reached the standard of grass and livestock balance (122.568 sheep units). There is still a large space for reducing livestock. 2, the capital endowment did exhibit a significant impact on herders' livestock reduction behavior. The family income and the number of livestock in the economic capital demonstrates a significant effect on the herdsman's willingness and degree of reduction of livestock. The grassland area shows a significant inhibitory effect on the willingness to reduce livestock. In the cultural capital, the Mongolian nationality and the degree of education illustrate a significant role in promoting the willingness and extent of the herdsmen's livestock reduction. Interpersonal trust, interpersonal network. and reciprocal norms in social capital have significantly promoted the herdsmen's willingness to reduce livestock. Moral constraints have significantly promoted the willingness and extent of herdsmen's reduction of livestock. Finally, government subsidies and grassland ecological cognition will have a positive impact on the willingness and extent of herders' reduction of livestock.

Key words: grassland ecological protection, reduced-livestock behavior, capital endowments, Double-Hurdle model

谢先雄, 李晓平, 赵敏娟, 史恒通. 资本禀赋如何影响牧民减畜——基于内蒙古372户牧民的实证考察[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(9): 1730-1741.

Xianxiong XIE, Xiaoping LI, Minjuan ZHAO, Hengtong SHI. How does capital endowment affect herdsman to reduce livestock? ——an empirical analysis based on 372 herdsmen in Inner Mongolia[J]. Resources Science, 2018, 40(9): 1730-1741.

图/表 6

图1

表1

变量含义及描述性统计"

变量类型		变量说明	变量定义	均值	标准差
牧民减畜（因变量）	减畜意愿	是否愿意减畜	1=愿意,0=不愿意	0.497	0.500
牧民减畜（因变量）	减畜程度	减畜程度	愿意减少多少只羊/只	59.717	84.583
经济资本（自变量）	金融资本	家庭收入	2016年家庭现金纯收入/万元	4.568	5.329
	金融资本	家庭贷款	2016年家庭贷款总额/万元	4.873	6.055
	牧业资本	草场面积	家庭实际拥有草场面积/hm²	325.267	289.067
		牲畜数量	2016年家庭实际喂养牲畜数量（折算为标准羊）/只	285.201	210.629
		固定资产	家庭生活生产固定资产这算总价值/万元	4.015	4.526
文化资本（自变量）	传统文化	是否蒙古族	1=蒙古族,0=非蒙古族	0.502	0.500
	传统文化	草原生活年限	在草原实际生活的年限/年	42.443	14.473
	教育文化	受教育程度	户主受教育程度：1=小学以下,2=小学,3=初中,4=高中及以上	2.306	1.018
社会资本（自变量）	社会信任	人际信任	外出不在家将财产委托牧民保管的放心程度：1=非常不放心,2=非常放心,3=一般,4=比较放心,5=非常放心	3.698	1.094
	社会信任	制度信任	对嘎查干部信任程度：1=非常不信任,2=比较不信任,3=一般,4=比较信任,5=非常信任	3.427	1.050
	社会网络	人际网络	嘎查内牧民联系人数量：1=不足20%,2=20%~40%,3=40%~60%,4=60%~80%,5=超过80%	3.303	1.322
	社会网络	组织网络	家庭成员过去12个月内参加集体组织活动的次数：1=0次,2=1~2次,3=3~5次,4=5~10次,5=10次以上	2.357	0.956
	社会规范	互惠规范	嘎查牧民间团结程度：1=非常不团结,2=比较不团结,3=一般,4=比较团结,5=非常团结	3.543	0.963
	社会规范	道德约束	周围人保护草原态度：1=不积极,2=比较不积极,3=一般,4=比较积极,5=积极	4.217	0.927
控制变量		政府补贴	2016年家庭获得的草原保护补贴总收入/万元	1.652	1.737
控制变量		草原生态认知	围栏使放牧更少转场,使草场生态压力大,1=非常不赞同,2=比较不赞同,3=一般,4=比较赞同,5=非常赞同	3.736	1.228

表1

表2

表3

表4

表5

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类型	选项	有效样本数/人	比例/%	类型	选项	有效样本数/人	比例/%
民族	蒙古族	187	50.268	家庭人口/人	1~2	56	15.054
	汉族	185	49.732		3~5	280	75.269
	<30	16	4.301		>5	36	9.677
年龄/岁	30~40	74	19.892	养殖规模/只	<100	54	14.516
	40~50	123	33.065		100~300	159	42.742
	50~60	108	29.032		200~500	110	29.570
	>60	51	13.710		>500	49	13.172
文化程度	小学以下	101	27.151	草场面积/ hm²	<66.667	36	9.677
	小学	108	29.032		66.667~266.667	145	38.978
	初中	111	29.839		266.667~533.333	123	33.065
	高中及以上	52	13.978		>33.333	68	18.280

减畜程度（Level）/只	绝对频次/人	相对频度/%	调整频度/%	累计频度/%
Level <40	35	9.408	18.919	18.919
40≤Level <80	38	10.215	20.541	39.460
80≤Level <120	55	14.784	29.730	69.190
120≤Level <160	12	3.225	6.486	75.676
160≤Level <200	8	2.150	4.324	80.000
200≤Level <240	22	5.913	11.892	91.892
240≤Level <280	4	1.075	2.162	94.054
280≤Level <320	6	1.612	3.243	97.297
320≤Level	5	1.344	2.703	100.000

被解释变量	解释变量	共线性统计量
被解释变量	解释变量	VIF	膨胀因子
家庭收入	草场面积	1.490	0.670
	牲畜数量	1.480	0.673
	道德约束	1.370	0.728
	人际信任	1.360	0.733
	受教育程度	1.310	0.762
	是否蒙古族	1.290	0.777
	组织网络	1.220	0.820
	政府补贴	1.220	0.822
	人际网络	1.180	0.849
	制度信任	1.180	0.851
	固定资产	1.170	0.851
	草原生活年限	1.160	0.864
	家庭贷款	1.120	0.892
	草原生态认知	1.120	0.895
	互惠规范	1.060	0.942
	Mean VIF	1.250

变量				减畜意愿			减畜程度
变量			系数	标准误	边际效应	系数	标准误	边际效应
经济资本	金融资本	家庭收入	0.033**	0.016	0.010	2.529**	0.228	1.493
	金融资本	家庭贷款	-0.012	0.012	-0.003	-0.612	0.989	-0.361
	牧业资本	草场面积	-0.040**	0.020	-0.012	2.137	1.397	1.262
		牲畜数量	0.001***	0.001	0.001	0.210***	0.032	0.124
		固定资产	0.003	0.018	0.001	0.725	1.195	0.428
文化资本	传统文化	民族	0.584***	0.159	0.176	-6.930	14.318	-4.092
	传统文化	草原生活年限	-0.006	0.005	-0.001	0.370	0.468	0.218
	教育文化	文化程度	-0.059	0.083	-0.017	25.175***	6.817	14.864
社会资本	社会信任	人际信任	0.210***	0.078	0.063	-1.628	7.328	-0.961
	社会信任	制度信任	0.052	0.074	0.015	-0.141	6.559	-0.083
	社会网络	人际网络	0.156***	0.059	0.047	7.947	4.878	4.692
	社会网络	组织网络	0.126	0.087	0.038	4.275	6.164	2.524
	社会规范	互惠规范	0.151*	0.090	0.045	17.668	7.844	10.432
	社会规范	道德约束	0.188**	0.083	0.057	8.088**	7.830	4.775
控制变量		政府补贴	0.025	0.051	0.007	8.851**	3.656	5.226
控制变量		草原生态认知	0.148**	0.061	0.045	14.716**	5.868	8.689
常数项			-3.814***	0.656	-	-284.328***	61.859	-
对数似然值			-1 232.395
卡方值			86.460***