黑龙江省种粮大户的技术效率及其影响因素

doi:10.18402/resci.2018.08.09

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

种粮大户是中国粮食生产的重要主体之一,在资源刚性约束和生产成本上升的背景下,提高种粮大户的技术效率才是保障中国粮食安全和实现农民增收的根本出路。本文依据黑龙江省674个种粮大户调查数据,运用SBM超效率DEA模型实证考察种粮大户的技术效率及其分布、效率分解以及松弛变量情况,运用Tobit回归模型进一步对技术效率的影响因素进行分析。研究结论显示：种粮大户的平均综合技术效率、纯技术效率及规模效率分别为0.545、0.635和0.871,综合技术效率不高,主要原因是纯技术效率较低;耕地经营规模与综合技术效率之间呈“U”型曲线关系;绝大多数种粮大户在投入要素方面存在冗余,改进程度由高到低依次为地租、流动成本、固定成本和人工费用;大户年龄、总耕地面积、家庭务农人数、土地块数、最大地块面积、旱地比例、地头农田水利设施状况、灌溉方式、土地流转合同期限和是否有正规贷款等因素对种粮大户技术效率具有显著影响。

关键词: 技术效率, 经营规模, 种粮大户, 影响因素, 黑龙江省

Abstract:

Large-scale farmers are the important contributors of grain production in China. Under the background of rigid resource constraints and rising production costs, improving the technical efficiency of large-scale grain-production farmers is the fundamental way to guarantee the food security and increase the peasant's income of our country. Based on the survey data of 674 large-scale grain-production farmers in Heilongjiang Province, and using the SBM super efficiency DEA model, this study empirically examined the technical efficiency, the distribution of efficiency, the decomposition of efficiency and the slack variables of input. Furthermore, this paper analyzed the main factors influencing the technical efficiency by using the Tobit regression mode. The conclusions are listed as: Firstly, the average comprehensive technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency are 0.545, 0.635 and 0.871 respectively. The average comprehensive technical efficiency is not high, and the main reason is the low pure technical efficiency. Secondly, the land management scale has a U-shaped curve relationship with the comprehensive technical efficiency, the same relationship as pure technical efficiency. Thirdly, the vast majority of large-scale grain-production farmers have redundancy in the input factors, and the improvement degree of input factors from high to low is land rent, flowing cost, fixed cost and labor cost. Finally, the factors such as the age, total cultivated land, the number of farm population, the number of soil blocks, the largest plot area, the proportion of farmland, the state of irrigation facilities, the way to irrigate, the term of land circulation contract and the availability of formal loans have significant impacts on the technical efficiency of large grain farmers.

Key words: technical efficiency, management scale, large-scale grain-production farmers, influencing factors, Heilongjiang Province

朱丽娟, 王志伟. 黑龙江省种粮大户的技术效率及其影响因素[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(8): 1583-1594.

Lijuan ZHU, Zhiwei WANG. Analysis on technical efficiency and influencing factors of large-scale grain-production farmers in Heilongjiang Province[J]. Resources Science, 2018, 40(8): 1583-1594.

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变量	变量说明及单位	极小值	极大值	均值	标准差
年龄（x₁）	岁	21	60	44.09	8.26
受教育水平（x₂）	1=小学及以下;2=初中; 3=高中或中专;4=大专及以上	1	4	2.04	0.61
是否村干部（x₃）	1=是;0=否	0	1	0.08	0.27
实际耕地面积（x₄）	hm²	6.67	2 666.67	30.20	145.79
家庭务农人数（x₅）	人	1	6	2.15	0.70
土地块数（x₆）	所经营耕地共几块	1	75	7.75	6.78
最大地块面积（x₇）	hm²	0.33	520	8.82	27.32
旱地比例（x₈）	%,旱地面积/总耕地面积	0.00	100	89.00	28.00
粮食收入占比（x₉）	粮食纯收入/家庭纯收入,%	0.00	100	87.42	19.08
灌溉方式（x₁₀）	1≤g≤1.5表示以不灌溉为主;1.5<g≤2表示以传统灌溉为主;2<g≤3表示以节水灌溉为主	1	3	1.96	0.90
本地水资源状况（x₁₁）	严重短缺=1;比较短缺=2;一般=3;比较丰富=4; 十分丰富=5	1	5	2.85	0.97
农田水利设施情况（x₁₂）	很差=1;较差=2;一般=3;较好=4;很好=5	1	5	2.55	0.88
土地流转合同期限（x₁₃）	年	0	40	1.64	2.70
同行影响（x₁₄）	1=是;0=否	0	1	0.35	0.48
是否参加合作社（x₁₅）	1=是;0=否	0	1	0.33	0.47
参加涉农培训次数（x₁₆）	次,大户实际参加涉农培训次数	0	9	1.44	2.04
是否有正规贷款（x₁₇）	1=是;0=否	0	1	0.58	0.49

耕地规模分类/hm²	综合技术效率	纯技术效率	规模效率	户数
6.67~13.33	0.554	0.661	0.844	416
13.33~20.00	0.546	0.577	0.943	139
20.00~26.67	0.497	0.515	0.966	36
26.67~33.33	0.454	0.509	0.914	23
33.33~40.00	0.420	0.482	0.883	10
40.00~46.67	0.433	0.496	0.881	6
46.67~53.33	0.598	0.724	0.869	6
53.33~60.00	0.379	0.428	0.884	4
60.00~66.67	0.597	0.841	0.727	5
66.67~333.33	0.585	0.756	0.819	24
≥333.33	0.763	1.232	0.635	5
全部样本	0.545	0.635	0.871	674

不同规模/hm²	流动成本	固定成本	地租	人工费
6.67~13.33	-0.847	-0.885	-3.019	-0.394
13.33~20.00	-1.569	-1.282	-5.233	-0.855
20.00~26.67	-3.320	-2.435	-10.335	-2.064
26.67~33.33	-3.868	-2.671	-10.392	-1.711
33.33~40.00	-3.716	-2.770	-5.978	-1.350
40.00~46.67	-5.027	-4.240	-9.786	-2.115
46.67~53.33	-4.078	-2.768	-7.295	-1.066
53.33~60.00	-11.087	-6.206	-13.443	-3.040
60.00~66.67	-2.458	-2.673	0.375	-1.054
66.67~333.33	-6.916	-5.386	-4.941	-3.301
≥333.33	31.997	37.506	65.698	8.637
全部样本	-1.385	-1.105	-3.855	-0.716

变量与常数项	Coef.	Std. Err.	t	P>t
年龄（x₁）	0.001 616 8***	0.000 762 9	2.12	0.034
受教育水平（x₂）	0.012 608 1	0.010 694 7	1.18	0.239
是否村干部（x₃）	-0.019 438 1	0.024 230 2	-0.80	0.423
总耕地面积（x₄）	-0.000 009 7**	0.000 005 1	-1.89	0.059
家庭务农人数（x₅）	0.029 419 1***	0.008 916 5	3.30	0.001
土地块数（x₆）	0.003 956 6***	0.000 986 3	4.01	0.000
最大地块面积（x₇）	0.000 073 4***	0.000 026 8	2.74	0.006
旱地比例（x₈）	0.294 292 0***	0.022 626 7	13.01	0.000
粮食收入占比（x₉）	0.000 776 3	0.000 330 2	2.35	0.190
灌溉方式（x₁₀）	0.079 932 7***	0.007 712 8	10.36	0.000
本地水资源状况（x₁₁）	0.003 631 3	0.006 437 9	0.56	0.573
农田水利设施情况（x₁₂）	0.001 218 1*	0.006 993 4	0.17	0.086
流转合同期限（x₁₃）	0.006 275 8***	0.002 310 9	2.72	0.007
同行影响（x₁₄）	0.000 889 9	0.013 102 0	0.07	0.946
是否参加合作社（x₁₅）	0.006 929 6	0.015 839 7	0.44	0.662
参加涉农培训次数（x₁₆）	0.001 428 0	0.003 889 0	0.37	0.714
是否有正规贷款（x₁₇）	-0.005 648 2*	0.013 893 9	-0.41	0.068
常数项	-0.025 486 5	0.069 544 3	-0.37	0.714
Log likelihood = 305.405 74	LR chi2= 293.76 Prob > chi2 = 0.000 0