基于不同层级排污单元的水污染负荷分配方法

doi:10.18402/resci.2018.07.11

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

如何体现不同层级排污单元主导分配原则的差异性,一直是污染负荷分配方法的研究热点。本文在行政单元–排污企业间建立了一种水污染负荷分配模型：采用熵值加权基尼系数法体现行政单元层面的公平性分配原则;采用排污绩效法体现排污企业层面的效率性分配原则。这种负荷分配方法,既体现了排污企业对环境资源公平使用和高效利用的特点,又兼顾了行政单元在环境保护与社会经济发展上的协调性。结合陕西省区域统计年鉴及西安市污染普查数据,针对渭河流域西安市人口众多、工业污染源集中、水资源严重短缺、水污染严重超标的现状,应用该模型进行负荷分配,取得现实可行的结果。该方法可为不同层级排污单元的水污染负荷分配问题提供参考。

关键词: 污染负荷分配, 信息熵, 基尼系数, 排污绩效, 渭河流域, 西安市

Abstract:

We aimed to establish a method for water pollutant load allocation between administrative units and pollution discharge enterprises. Regarding the administrative unit level, equality was taken as the main allocation principle and the entropy-weighted Gini coefficient method was used to allocate pollutant load at the pollution discharge level. Population and gross domestic product were chosen to represent the potential of water pollution in administrative units; and land areas and maximum permitted discharge were chosen to represent the environmental capacity of administrative units. At the discharge enterprise level, efficiency was taken as the main allocation principle and the pollution discharge performance method was used to allocate pollutant load at discharge enterprise levels. The economic output value of the unit load was chosen to represent the environmental economic benefits of the discharge enterprise; and fresh water usage unit load was chosen to represent the resource utilization efficiency of the discharge enterprise. This method for pollutant load allocation provides equal rights for enterprises to discharge and highly efficient environmental and resource use, while paying attention to environment protection and socio-economic development. Combined with pollution census data for Shaanxi, this method is applied to Xi’an with a high population, dense industry discharge, short water resource and poor water quality, located in middle of Weihe river basin. Based on the administrative unit level in Xi’an, there are three counties with more than 10% pollution reduction rates, redefined as key reduction units. Other counties were redefined as retention reduction units. Regarding the key reduction unit, the optimized allocation result of the discharge enterprise level is the final plan. For the retention reduction unit, pollution reduction rates of some discharge enterprises need to be adjusted for a more reasonable allocation plan. This method provides a reference for pollution load allocation at multiple levels.

Key words: pollution load allocation, information entropy, Gini coefficient, emission performance, Weihe River Basin, Xi’an City

李泽琪, 张玥, 王晓燕, 李英杰, 陈洁, 郭巍. 基于不同层级排污单元的水污染负荷分配方法[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(7): 1429-1437.

Zeqi LI, Yue ZHANG, Xiaoyan WANG, Yingjie LI, Jie CHEN, Wei GUO. A method for water pollution load allocation for different levels of pollution discharges[J]. Resources Science, 2018, 40(7): 1429-1437.

图/表 7

图1

表1

表2

表3

表4

表5

图2

参考文献 30

[1]	田平, 方晓波, 王飞儿, 等. 基于环境基尼系数最小化模型的水污染物总量分配优化--以张家港平原水网区为例[J]. 中国环境科学, 2014, 34(3): 801-809.
	[Tian P, Fang X B, Wang F E, et al. Use of a minimum environmental Gini coefficient model on optimizing the allocation plan of total pollutant load in water bodies: a case study at Zhangjiagang river-network plain[J]. China Environmental Science, 2014, 34(3): 801-809. ]
[2]	孟伟, 张楠, 张远, 等. 流域水质目标管理技术研究(iv)——控制单元的总量控制技术[J]. 环境科学研究, 2007, 20(4): 1-8.
	[Meng W, Zhang N, Zhang Y, et al. The study on technique of basin water quality target management(iv): pollutant total amount control technique in control unit[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2007, 20(4): 1-8. ]
[3]	雷坤, 孟伟, 乔飞, 等. 控制单元水质目标管理技术及应用案例研究[J]. 中国工程科学, 2013, 15(3): 62-69.
	[Lei K, Meng W, Qiao F, et al. Study and application of the technology on water quality target management for control unit[J]. Engineering Sciences, 2013, 15(3): 62-69. ]
[4]	张玥. 渭河西安—咸阳段主要污染物负荷分配与管理[D]. 北京: 首都师范大学, 2012.
	[Zhang Y.Pollutant load allocation and management in Xi’an-Xian yang section Weihe River[D]. Beijing: Capital Normal University, 2012. ]
[5]	吴文俊, 蒋洪强, 段扬, 等. 基于环境基尼系数的控制单元水污染负荷分配优化研究[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2017, 27(5): 8-16.
	[Wu W J, Jiang H Q, Duan Y, et al. Application of total water pollutant load distribution in control-unit based on the environmental Gini coefficient[J]. China Population Resources and Environment, 2017, 27(5): 8-16. ]
[6]	郝信东. 基于信息熵的水污染总量分配与控制策略研究[D]. 天津: 天津大学, 2010.
	[Hao X D.The application of Information Entropy in total waste load allocation for surface-water and control policy [D]. Tianjin: Tianjin University, 2010. ]
[7]	郝韶楠, 李叙勇, 江燕, 等. 水污染负荷优化分配模型研究进展[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2016, 39(1): 1-6.
	[Hao S N, Li X Y, Jiang Y, et al. Review of water waste loads allocation model[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016, 39(1): 1-6. ]
[8]	李如忠, 舒琨. 基于基尼系数的水污染负荷分配模糊优化决策模型[J]. 环境科学学报, 2010, 30(7): 1518-1526.
	[Li R Z, Shu K.Fuzzy optimization model for waste load allocations based on the Gini coefficient[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiate, 2010, 30(7): 1518-1526. ]
[9]	李如忠, 舒琨. 基于多目标决策的水污染负荷分配方法[J]. 环境科学学报, 2011, 31(12): 2814-2821.
	[Li R Z, Shu K.Model for wastewater load allocation based on multi-objective decision making[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiate, 2011, 31(12): 2814-2821. ]
[10]	Nikoo M R, Kerachian R, Karimi A, et al. Optimal water and waste-load allocations in rivers using a fuzzy transformation technique: a case study[J]. Environmental Monitoring & Assessment, 2013, 185(3): 2483-2502.
[11]	Cho J H, Lee J H.Multi-objective waste load allocation model for optimizing waste load abatement and inequality among waste dischargers[J]. Water Air & Soil Pollution, 2014, 225(3): 1892.
[12]	Nikoo M R, Kerachian R, Karimi A, et al. Optimal water and waste load allocation in reservoir-river systems: a case study[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2014, 71(9): 4127-4142.
[13]	Liang S D, Jia H, Yang C, et al. A pollutant load hierarchical allocation method integrated in an environmental capacity management system for Zhushan Bay, Taihu Lake[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2015, 533: 223-237.
[14]	薛佳, 徐明德, 阎正坤. 流域水污染物总量分配模型研究[J]. 环境工程, 2014, 32(3): 126-130.
	[Xue J, Xu D M, Yan Z K.Research on total pollutant load allocation model for river basin[J]. Environmental Engineering, 2014, 32(3): 126-130. ]
[15]	董战峰. 国家水污染物排放总量分配方法研究[D]. 南京: 南京大学, 2010.
	[Dong Z F.Research on the total amount allocation methods of the water pollutant among different provinces: taking COD allocation as a case[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University, 2010. ]
[16]	刘红刚, 陈新庚, 彭晓春. 基于合作博弈论的感潮河网区污染物排放总量削减分配模型研究[J]. 生态环境学报, 2011, 20(3): 456-462.
	[Liu H G, Chen X G, Peng X C.Study on the model of total pollution load allocation in tidal network river regions with Cooperative Game Theory[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2011, 20(3): 456-462. ]
[17]	吴悦颖, 李云生, 刘伟江. 基于公平性的水污染物总量分配评估方法研究[J]. 环境科学研究, 2006, 19(2): 66-70.
	[Wu Y Y, Li Y S, Liu W J.Study on Gini coefficient method of total pollutant load allocation for water bodies[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2006, 19(2): 66-70. ]
[18]	秦迪岚, 韦安磊, 卢少勇, 等. 基于环境基尼系数的洞庭湖区水污染总量分配[J]. 环境科学研究, 2013, 26(1): 8-15.
	[Qin D L, Wei A L, Lu S Y, et al. Total water pollutant load allocation in Dongting lake area based on the environmental Gini coefficient method[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2013, 26(1): 8-15. ]
[19]	王金南, 逯元堂, 周劲松, 等. 基于GDP的中国资源环境基尼系数分析[J]. 中国环境科学, 2006, 26(1): 111-115.
	[Wang J N, Lu Y T, Zhou J S, et al. Analysis of China resource-environment Gini coefficient based on GDP[J]. China Environmental Science, 2006, 26(1): 111-115. ]
[20]	王媛, 牛志广, 王伟. 基尼系数法在水污染物总量区域分配中的应用[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2008, 18(3): 177-180.
	[Wang Y, Niu Z G, Wang W.Application of Gini coefficient in total waste load district allocation for surface-water[J]. China Population Resources and Environment, 2008, 18(3): 177-180. ]
[21]	李睿. 天津市水污染物总量分配方法研究[D]. 天津: 天津大学, 2007.
	[Li R.The research of total waste load allocation for surface-water in Tianjin [D]. Tianjin: Tianjin University, 2007. ]
[22]	乔晓楠, 段小刚. 总量控制、区域排污指标分配与经济绩效[J]. 经济研究, 2012, (10): 121-133.
	[Qiao X N, Duan X G.Total quality control, interregional allocation of emission permits and economic performance[J]. Economic Research Journal, 2012, (10): 121-133. ]
[23]	国家环境保护总局环境规划院. 重点流域水污染防治“十一五”规划编制技术细则[M]. 北京: 国家环境保护总局环境规划院, 2005.
	[Environmental Planning Institute of State Environmental Protection Administration. Technical details of “Eleven-Five” Planning for Water Pollution control in Key Watershed[M]. Beijing: Environmental Planning Institute of State Environmental Protection Administration, 2005. ]
[24]	刘年磊, 蒋洪强, 卢亚灵, 等. 污染物总量控制目标分配研究——考虑主体功能区环境约束[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2014, 24(5): 80-87.
	[Liu N L, Jiang H Q, Lu Y L.Study on allocation for total amount controlling objectives of water pollutants-considering the constraint of environmental goals of national main function regions[J]. China Population Resources and Environment, 2014, 24(5): 80-87. ]
[25]	刘杰. 基于最大加权信息熵模型的水污染物总量分配[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2015, 32(1): 16-20.
	[Liu. Total amount allocation of water pollutant based on model of maximum weighted information entropy[J]. Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, 2015, 32(1): 16-20]
[26]	何帮强, 洪兴建. 基尼系数计算与分解方法研究综述[J]. 统计与决策, 2016, (14): 13-17.
	[He B Q, Hong X J.A review of calculation and decomposition methods of Gini coefficients[J]. Statistics & Decision, 2016, (14): 13-17. ]
[27]	陕西省环境保护厅. 2015年陕西省环境状况公报[R]. 2016.
	[Environmental Protection Bureau of Shaanxi Province. Bulletin of Environmental Status of Shaanxi Province[R]. 2016. ]
[28]	陕西省统计局. 陕西区域统计年鉴-2016[M]. 西安: 陕西省统计局, 2016.
	[Shaanxi Provincial Bureau of Statistics. Shaanxi Regional Statistical Yearbook in 2016[M]. Xi’an: Shaanxi Provincial Bureau of Statistics, 2016. ]
[29]	史方方. 西安市主要河流纳污能力及污染物总量控制探析[J]. 水资源研究, 2018, 7(2): 207-214.
	[Fangfang Shi.Analysis of Pollution Absorption Capacity and Total Pollutant Control of Main Rivers in Xi’an City[J]. Journal of Resources of Water Research, 2018, 7(2): 207-214. ]
[30]	国务院. 国务院关于印发“十三五”节能减排综合工作方案的通知[EB/OL]. [2017-01-05].
	[The State Council. Notice of the State Council on issuing the comprehensive work plan for energy saving and emission reduction in “Thirteen-Five” Planning[EB/OL]. [2017-01-05]. ]

区县	人口占比	土地面积占比	GDP占比	最大允许排放量占比	2015年实际排放量占比
新城区	6.93	0.30	8.97	1.21	2.07
碑林区	7.22	0.23	12.30	0.31	0.02
莲湖区	8.18	0.38	10.41	3.86	5.09
灞桥区	7.05	3.21	5.68	4.42	4.68
未央区	9.54	2.60	13.08	18.75	18.88
雁塔区	13.89	1.50	21.15	2.44	2.05
阎良区	3.31	2.42	3.43	2.32	3.20
临潼区	7.77	9.07	3.51	19.44	14.13
长安区	12.85	15.78	9.33	27.81	9.71
蓝田县	6.03	19.85	2.04	0.38	0.57
周至县	6.67	29.14	1.89	0.77	0.79
户县	6.55	12.67	2.82	17.78	37.49
高陵县	3.99	2.85	5.40	0.51	1.32

区（县）	2015年实际排放量/t	2020年允许排放量/t	削减量/t	削减率/%	削减配额*/%
新城区	284.42	250.69	33.73	11.86	2.46
碑林区	3.38	3.35	0.03	1.00	0.00
莲湖区	700.06	627.43	72.63	10.37	5.30
灞桥区	644.07	637.63	6.44	1.00	0.47
未央区	2 596.04	2 474.08	121.96	4.70	8.91
雁塔区	281.85	279.03	2.82	1.00	0.21
阎良区	440.45	411.55	28.90	6.56	2.11
临潼区	1 943.45	1 827.40	116.05	5.97	8.47
长安区	1 335.96	1 322.60	13.36	1.00	0.98
蓝田县	78.36	73.37	4.99	6.37	0.36
周至县	108.50	107.41	1.08	1.00	0.08
户县	5 155.73	4 188.39	967.34	18.76	70.64
高陵县	181.38	175.34	6.04	3.33	0.44
西安市总计	13 753.64	12 378.27	1 369.33	10.00**	100.00

指标	信息熵		基尼系数
指标	指标熵值	所占权重	优化前	优化后
人口*	0.97	0.04	0.61	0.59
土地利用*	0.77	0.38	0.69	0.68
GDP排放量*	0.91	0.15	0.70	0.68
最大允许排放量*	0.74	0.43	0.33	0.30
加权基尼系数	-	-	0.56	0.42

名称	企业总产值/亿元	新鲜水用量/万t	2015年实际排放量/t	2020年允许排放量/t	2020年目标削减率/%
污染源1	17.72	15.36	23.60	21.24	10.00
污染源2	1.52	16.52	13.21	10.57	20.00
污染源3	32.80	60.61	102.00	91.80	10.00
污染源4	3.23	51.26	27.17	21.74	20.00
污染源5	11.77	24.28	13.11	11.80	10.00
污染源6	9.41	58.66	13.14	11.83	10.00
污染源7	7.33	61.68	57.24	45.79	20.00
污染源8	44.57	68.40	279.80	244.39	12.66
污染源9	0.28	7.5	37.88	30.30	20.00
莲湖区总计	128.62	364.27	567.15	489.45	10.37*

名称	企业总产值/亿元	新鲜水用量/万t	2015年实际排放量/t	2020年允许排放量/t	削减比例/%	2020年实际分配量/t
污染源1	78.76	130.00	520.00	546.00	0.00	520.00
污染源2	10.79	155.20	1 450.59	1 346.29	0.05	1 346.29
污染源3	0.18	121.69	416.39	374.75	0.10	374.75
污染源4	8.40	6.20	25.00	26.25	0.00	25.00
污染源5	5.00	13.91	55.65	55.65	0.00	55.65
污染源6	5.56	24.00	57.60	57.60	0.00	57.60
未央区总计	108.69	451.01	2 525.23	2 406.54	4.37*	2 379.29