政府补贴、采用效果对农户节水灌溉技术持续采用行为的影响研究

doi:10.18402/resci.2018.07.10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

农户对节水灌溉技术的采用行为是一个“逐步”的动态学习过程,需要经历采用和持续采用两个阶段的决策,而农户的持续采用行为直接影响节水灌溉技术效益的发挥。本文运用陕西省白水县284户苹果种植户的微观调研数据,采用Heckman选择模型重点探讨政府补贴和采用效果对农户节水灌溉技术持续采用行为的影响。实证结果表明：① 政府给农户任何形式的补贴都可以有效地激励农户采用节水灌溉技术,相对于资金补贴,基础设施补贴和设备补贴更有利于农户持续采用节水灌溉技术;② 采用效果对农户节水灌溉技术的采用行为有显著的正向作用,成本投入对农户持续采用行为影响不显著,技术适用性对农户持续采用行为有促进作用,及时解决农户在技术采用中遇到的问题有助于提高农户技术采用的经济效益。基于此,提出以下建议：实施政府补贴、优先补贴基础设施和设备、多元化的配套措施,有助于提高农户节水灌溉技术的采用率和采用效果,并促进农户对节水灌溉技术的持续采用。

关键词: 节水灌溉技术, 持续采用行为, 政府补贴, 采用效果, Heckman样本选择模型

Abstract:

Adoption of water-saving irrigation technology (WSIT) is a step-by-step dynamic learning process for farmers, which includes two-stage decision-making of adoption and continuous adoption. The continuous adoption behavior of farmers affects the benefits of WSIT. Based on a survey of 284 apple growers in Baishui county in Shaanxi, a Heckman selection model was used to study the influence of government subsidies and adoption effect on farmer continuous adoption behavior of WSIT. We found that government subsidies encouraged farmers to adopt WSIT. Compared with capital subsidies, infrastructure subsidies and equipment subsidies were more conducive to farmers' continuous adoption of WSIT. The adoption effect of WSIT had a significant positive effect on farmers' adoption behavior of WSIT. The lower the cost of WSIT, the better the applicability of technology and the more economic benefit, the higher the probability that farmers adopted WSIT. The effect of cost investment on farmers' continuous adoption behavior of WSIT was not significant, and technical applicability had a positive effect on farmers' continuous adoption behavior of WSIT. The timely solution of problems encountered by farmers improved the economic benefits of WSIT. Based on the above conclusions, the following recommendations are made: continue government subsidies, preferential subsidies infrastructure and facilities, establishment of a WSIT industry access system, popularization of integrated technology of water, fertilizer and medicine, WSIT publicity, and establishment of professional service institutions to solve problems encountered by farmers.

Key words: water-saving irrigation technology, continuous adoption behavior, government subsidies, adoption effect, Heckman selection model

薛彩霞, 黄玉祥, 韩文霆. 政府补贴、采用效果对农户节水灌溉技术持续采用行为的影响研究[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(7): 1418-1428.

Caixia XUE, Yuxiang HUANG, Wenting HAN. Influence of government subsidies and adoption effect on continuous adoption behavior of water-saving irrigation technology by farmers[J]. Resources Science, 2018, 40(7): 1418-1428.

图/表 5

表1

表2

表3

政府补贴、采用效果与农户节水技术持续采用行为"

变量	模型1			模型2			模型3
变量	是否采用	持续采用		是否采用	持续采用		是否采用	持续采用
政府补贴	0.851 8***	-0.331 9***		0.837 4***	-0.325 3***		-	-
政府补贴	(0.143 4)	(0.057 3)		(0.151 1)	(0.059 6)
基础设施补贴	-	-		-	-		0.973 4***	0.099 9**
基础设施补贴	-	-		-	-		(0.333 4)	(0.048 0)
设备补贴	-	-		-	-		0.960 1***	0.091 9***
设备补贴	-	-		-	-		(0.267 3)	(0.026 7)
资金补贴	-	-		-	-		0.854 5***	-0.157 4**
资金补贴	-	-			-		(0.251 5)	(0.074 4)
采用效果	0.096 9***	-0.037 8***			0.072 9**		-0.028 3*	-	-
采用效果	(0.029 9)	(0.011 9)		(0.032 3)	(0.016 0)
成本投入	-	-		-	-		-0.016 9	0.014 6
成本投入	-	-		-	-		(0.089 6)	(0.029 4)
技术适用性	-	-		-	-		0.222 5**	0.038 9**
技术适用性	-	-		-	-		(0.098 4)	(0.016 8)
经济效益	-	-		-	-		0.476 5***	-0.258 2***
经济效益	-	-			-		(0.158 0)	(0.093 1)
果园净收入	-	-			0.021 7		-0.008 5	0.026 3	0.033 1
果园净收入	-	-		(0.036 9)	(0.014 4)		(0.052 1)	(0.039 9)
果园收入占比	-	-		0.118 2	-0.058 4		0.253 1	0.015 6
果园收入占比	-	-		(0.328 7)	(0.106 4)		(0.350 0)	(0.013 7)
灌溉支出占比	-	-		0.165 4***	0.064 2**		0.502 1	0.396 7**
灌溉支出占比	-	-		(0.029 4)	(0.025 5)		(0.759 6)	(0.172 1)
种植面积	-	-		-0.013 9	0.006 4		0.002 8	0.002 2
种植面积	-	-		(0.014 7)	(0.005 7)		(0.033 0)	(0.004 9)
年龄	-	-		-0.015 2*	-0.021 2**		-0.014 1*	-0.006 1**
年龄	-	-	(0.008 1)	(0.008 8)	(0.007 9)		(0.002 9)
性别	-	-	0.109 3***	0.045 7**	0.485 8**		0.153 5*
性别	-	-	(0.037 7)	(0.020 1)	(0.215 3)		(0.082 3)
受教育程度	-	-	0.063 3*	-0.024 6*	0.455 6		-0.027 6*
受教育程度	-	-	(0.035 1)	(0.013 4)	(0.527 6)		(0.015 4)
种植经验	-	-	-0.004 7	0.009 8	0.000 7		0.001 1
种植经验	-	-	(0.010 9)	(0.012 1)	(0.011 4)		(0.004 1)
产业预期	-	-	0.077 9**	0.321 6***	0.282 0**		0.034 0**
产业预期	-	-	(0.035 0)	(0.109 9)	(0.113 1)		(0.017 1)
水资源短缺影响	-	-	0.051 6	0.021 8**	0.083 5		0.131 4***
水资源短缺影响	-	-	(0.035 6)	(0.010 5)	(0.112 2)		(0.039 7)
识别变量	0.365 9***	-	0.307 5***	-	0.346 8***	-
识别变量	(0.099 4)	-	(0.097 5)	-	(0.101 5)	-
常数项	1.386 2***	1.111 8***	-2.233 1**	1.645 2**	-1.191 9	1.290 2***
常数项	(0.024 9)	(0.333 9)	(0.095 9)	(0.644 3)	(1.141 0)		(0.448 5)
对数似然值	-132.493 9		-152.172 2		-146.842 9
Wald卡方值	82.325 6***		81.881 0***		77.181 4***
ρ值	-0.638 9		-0.547 6		-0.453 2
似然比检验值	9.714 2***		7.533 8***		5.532 2**

表3

表4

表5

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测量题型	变量定义	平均值	标准差
公因子1 成本投入	反映成本投入各指标的平均值	2.575	1.158
设备的购买费用	很低=1;较低=2;一般=3;较高=4;很高=5	3.606	1.517
设备的维修费用	很低=1;较低=2;一般=3;较高=4;很高=5	2.739	1.637
重新布置管道和边界成本	很低=1;较低=2;一般=3;较高=4;很高=5	2.183	1.518
设计果园的种植规划成本	很低=1;较低=2;一般=3;较高=4;很高=5	1.894	1.413
修建专用水池成本	很低=1;较低=2;一般=3;较高=4;很高=5	2.451	1.590
公因子2 技术适用性	反映技术适用性各指标的平均值	2.065	1.071
缺乏设备安装技能的影响	很小=1;较小=1;一般=3;较大=4;很大=5	2.493	3.606
设备操作复杂性的影响	很小=1;较小=1;一般=3;较大=4;很大=5	1.602	1.052
技术与种植作物适用性	很不适用=1;较不适用=2;一般=3;较适用=4;很适用=5	2.166	1.553
技术与施肥施药配套程度	很不配套=1;较不配套=2;一般=3;较配套=4;很配套=5	1.997	1.423
公因子3 经济效益	反映经济效益各指标的平均值	4.218	0.578
作物产量变化	明显减少=1;稍微减少=2;无变化=3;稍微增加=4;明显增加=5	4.514	0.845
用水量变化	明显增加=1;稍微增加=2;无变化=4;稍微减少=4;明显减少=5	4.659	0.717
劳动时间和强度变化	明显增加=1;稍微增加=2;无变化=4;稍微减少=4;明显减少=5	4.292	0.807
化肥施用量变化	明显增加=1;稍微增加=2;无变化=4;稍微减少=4;明显减少=5	3.880	0.999
农药施用量变化	明显增加=1;稍微增加=2;无变化=4;稍微减少=4;明显减少=5	3.743	0.990
采用效果	根据各因子的得分和方差贡献率求得	2.800	0.771

变量名	含义与赋值	平均值	标准差
因变量
是否采用	是=1;否=0	0.419	0.493
持续采用	是=1;否=0	0.359	0.480
核心变量
政府补贴基础设施补贴设备补贴资金补贴	您是否获得过政府的节水灌溉技术补贴?是=1;否=0	0.292	0.455
	您获得的政府补贴是否属于基础设施补贴?是=1;否=0	0.078	0.267
	您获得的政府补贴是否属于设备补贴?是=1;否=0	0.151	0.358
	您获得的政府补贴是否属于资金补贴?是=1;否=0	0.166	0.372
控制变量
果园净收入/万元	农户种植苹果的净收入	2.559	1.787
果园收入占比/%	果园收入/家庭总收入	0.738	0.261
灌溉支出占比/%	灌溉支出/苹果种植支出	0.136	0.119
种植面积/hm²	农户种植苹果的面积	0.394	0.433
年龄/岁	户主的实际年龄	48.979	10.146
性别	男=1;女=0	0.768	0.422
受教育程度	小学及以下=1;初中=2;高中=3;大专及以上=4	2.451	0.831
种植经验/年	户主种植苹果的年限	14.173	7.153
产业预期	您预期未来种植苹果的经济效益如何?很差=1;差=2;一般=3;好=4;很好=5	3.451	0.831
水资源稀缺影响	水资源稀缺性对您采用节水技术影响程度如何?无影响=1;较小=2;一般=3;较大=4;很大=5	4.257	0.788
识别变量
对技术熟悉程度	您对节水灌溉技术的熟悉程度如何?很不熟悉=1;不太熟悉=2;一般=3;熟悉=4;很熟悉=5	3.285	0.946

农户类型	持续采用农户		未采用农户		放弃采用农户
农户类型	户数/户	比例/%	户数/户	比例/%	户数/户	比例/%
未获得政府补贴农户	53	51.96	142	86.06	6	35.29
获得政府补贴农户	49	48.04	23	13.94	11	64.71
其中：基础设施补贴农户	15	14.71	4	2.42	1	5.88
设备补贴农户	30	29.41	10	6.06	3	17.65
资金补贴农户	25	24.51	13	7.88	7	41.18

农户类型	成本投入	技术适用性	经济效益
持续采用农户	2.588	2.287	4.381
未采用农户	2.547	1.937	4.153
放弃采用农户	2.765	1.985	3.865