长江经济带旅游景区空间格局及演变

doi:10.18402/resci.2018.06.10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

长江经济带的联动发展及生态廊道建设使旅游景区的空间分布出现剧烈变化,研究旅游景区的空间变化对旅游基础设施的合理布局、制定长江黄金旅游带规划以及实现旅游经济腾飞具有重要作用。本文选取2012年和2016年长江经济带九省二市的旅游景区空间点位数据,综合运用标准差椭圆、平均最近邻分析以及核密度等方法分析了长江经济带旅游景区的空间演变特征。结果表明：长江经济带旅游景区总体分布格局基本沿长江水系发生聚集,聚集程度随时间的推移不断加深;相关政策促进、旅游业市场需求持续增加、交通可达性优化等多重因素的综合作用使区域景区聚集加速;城市休闲型景区以及主题公园兴建为城市景区聚集提供新动力。

关键词: 旅游景区, 聚集特征, 空间演变特征, 标准差椭圆, 平均最近邻分析, 核密度, 长江经济带

Abstract:

The linkage development of different provinces in the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the construction of ecological corridor policy brings about dramatic changes to the spatial distribution of scenic spots in the whole Yangtze River Economic Belt. Research on the spatial changes of tourism scenic spots in every province and the whole region, plays an important role in distributing tourism infrastructure. This is also important to the planning of the Yangtze River Golden Tourism Zone and rapid development of the tourism economy. This article uses the spatial location of scenic spots in eleven provinces in the Yangtze River Economic Belt to investigate the spatial evolution characteristics of scenic spots. All data are obtained from official websites maintained by national and provincial tourism administrations. Integration of the standard deviation ellipse, average nearest neighbor analysis and kernel density method are used to analyze evolution tendency. We found that the distribution pattern of tourist scenic spots in the Yangtze River Economic Belt is mostly clustered with the Yangtze River river system. The degree of clustering deepens as time goes by across the whole region. Characteristics of phased and integrated development of regional tourism development in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, rapid development of tributaries, tourism promotion policy, better accessibility of transport and urban construction are the main reasons explaining the aggolomeration of scenic spots. The construction of urban recreational scenic spots and theme parks provides new impetus for the clustering of urban scenic spots.

Key words: scenic spots, cluster characteristics, spatial evolution characteristics, standard deviation ellipse, average nearest neighbor analysis, kernel density, the Yangtze River Economic Belt

吴春涛, 李隆杰, 何小禾, 王姣娥. 长江经济带旅游景区空间格局及演变[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(6): 1196-1208.

Chuntao WU, Longjie LI, Xiaohe HE, Jiaoe WANG. Spatial analysis of scenic spots in the Yangtze River Economic Belt[J]. Resources Science, 2018, 40(6): 1196-1208.

图/表 8

表1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

表5

图1

表6

图2

参考文献 55

[1]	中国共产党中央委员会. 长江经济带发展规划纲要[EB/OL]. (2016-03-25)[2017-06-19].
	[Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Outline of Yangtze River Economic Belt development[EB/OL]. (2016-03-25)[2017-06-19].
[2]	国家旅游局. 旅游景区质量等级的划分与评定[EB/OL]. (2004-10-28)[2017-06-19]. .
	[China National Tourism Administration. Standard of Rating for Quality of Tourist Attractions[EB/OL]. (2004-10-28)[2017-06-19]. ]
[3]	朱竑, 陈晓亮. 中国A级旅游景区空间分布结构研究[J]. 地理科学, 2008, 28(5): 607-615.
	[Zhu H, Chen X L.Space distribution structure of A-grade scenic sopt in China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2008, 28(5): 607-615. ]
[4]	毛小岗, 宋金平, 于伟. 北京市A级旅游景区空间结构及其演化[J]. 经济地理, 2011, 31(8): 1381-1386.
	[Mao X G, Song J P, Yu W.Space structure and its evolution of A-grade tourist attractions in Beijing[J]. Economic Geography, 2011, 31(8): 1381-1386. ]
[5]	吴丽敏, 黄震方, 周玮, 等. 江苏省A级旅游景区时空演变特征及其动力机制[J]. 经济地理, 2013, 33(8): 158-164.
	[Wu L M, Huang Z F, Zhou W, et al. The spatiotemporal evolution and dynamic mechanism of A-grade tourist attractions in Jiangsu Province[J]. Economic Geography, 2013, 33(8): 158-164. ]
[6]	袁俊, 余瑞林, 刘承良, 等. 武汉城市圈国家A级旅游景区的空间结构[J]. 经济地理, 2010, 30(2): 324-328.
	[Yuan J, Yu R L, Liu C L, et al. Research on spatial structure of national A-grade tourist districts of Wuhan metropolitan area[J]. Economic Geography, 2010, 30(2): 324-328. ]
[7]	齐欣, 王昕. 成渝经济区旅游景区空间结构研究[J]. 地理与地理信息科学, 2013, 29(1): 105-110.
	[Qi X, Wang X.Study on the spatial structures of tourist attractions in Chengyu Economic Zone[J]. Geography and Geo -Information Science, 2013, 29(1): 105-110. ]
[8]	李飞, 何建民. 中国旅游景区发展的地区差异及其收敛性-以2001-2009年A级景区为例[J]. 地理与地理信息科学, 2011, 27(4): 83-88.
	[Li F, He J M.Regional disparity in the development of scenic spots in China and its convergence: a case of A-grade scenic spots during 2001 -2009[J]. Geography and Geo -Information Science, 2011, 27(4): 83-88. ]
[9]	吴清, 李细归, 吴黎, 等. 湖南省A级旅游景区分布格局及空间相关性分析[J]. 经济地理, 2017, 37(2): 193-200.
	[Wu Q, Li X G, Wu L, et al. Distribution pattern and spatial correlation of A-grade tourist attractions in Hunan Province[J]. Economic Geography, 2017, 37(2): 193-200. ]
[10]	申怀飞, 郑敬刚, 唐风沛, 等. 河南省A级旅游景区空间分布特征分析[J]. 经济地理, 2013, 33(2): 179-183.
	[Shen H F, Zheng J G, Tang F P, et al. Spatial distribution of A-grade tourist attractions in Henan Province[J]. Economic Geography, 2013, 33(2): 179-183. ]
[11]	许志晖, 戴学军, 庄大昌, 等. 南京市旅游景区景点系统空间结构分形研究[J]. 地理研究, 2007, 26(1): 132-140.
	[Xu Z H, Dai X J, Zhuang D C, et al. A fractal study on spatial structure of tourist scenic spots systems: a case study of Nanjing[J]. Geographical Research, 2007, 26(1): 132-140. ]
[12]	刘大均, 谢双玉, 陈君子, 等. 武汉城市圈旅游景区空间结构分形研究[J]. 长江流域资源与环境, 2013, 22(10): 1276-1281.
	[Liu D J, Xie S Y, Chen J Z, et al. A fractal theory study on tourist scenic spatial structure in Wuhan metropolitan area[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2013, 22(10): 1276-1281. ]
[13]	卞显红. 长江三角洲国家AAAA级旅游区空间结构[J]. 经济地理, 2007, 27(1): 157-160.
	[Bian X H.Research on spatial configuration of national grading-AAAA tourist districts in the Yangtze River Delta[J]. Economic Geography, 2007, 27(1): 157-160. ]
[14]	潘竟虎, 从忆波. 中国4A级及以上旅游景点(区)空间可达性测度[J]. 地理科学, 2012, 32(11): 1321-1327.
	[Pan J H, Cong Y B.Spatial accessibility of scenic spot at 4A level and above in China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2012, 32(11): 1321-1327. ]
[15]	Weidenfeld A, Butler R W, Williams A M.Clustering and compatibility between tourism attractions[J]. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2010, 12(1): 1-16.
[16]	Weidenfeld A, Butler R W, Williams A M.The role of clustering, cooperation and complementarities in the visitor attraction sector[J]. Current Issues in Tourism, 2011, 14(7): 595-629.
[17]	Back A, Marjavaara R.Mapping an invisible population: the uneven geography of second-home tourism[J]. Tourism Geographies, 2017, 19(4): 595-611.
[18]	Blasco D, Guia J, Prats L.Tourism destination zoning in mountain regions: a consumer-based approach[J]. Tourism Geographies, 2014, 16(3): 512-528.
[19]	Hjalager A M.Tourism destinations and the concept of industrial districts[J]. Tourism & Hospitality Research, 2000, 2(3): 199-213.
[20]	Balaguer J, Pernías J C.Relationship between spatial agglomeration and hotel prices. Evidence from business and tourism consumers[J]. Tourism Management, 2013, 36(3): 391-400
[21]	Pearce D G, Tan R W.The distribution mix for tourism attractions in Rotorua, New Zealand[J]. Journal of Travel Research, 2006, 44(3): 250-258.
[22]	Vasiliadis C A, Kobotis A.Spatial analysis-an application of nearest-neighbour analysis to tourism locations in Macedonia[J]. Tourism Management, 1999, 20(1): 141-148.
[23]	Jackson J, Murphy P.Clusters in regional tourism an Australian case[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2006, 33(4): 1018-1035.
[24]	Bernini C.Convention industry and destination clusters: evidence from Italy.[J]. Tourism Management, 2009, 30(6): 878-889.
[25]	Truchet S, Piguet V, Aubert F, et al. Spatial influence of attractions on tourism development[J]. Tourism Geographies, 2016, 18(5): 1-22.
[26]	国家旅游局. 旅游名录[EB/OL]. (2017-01-30)[2017-05-21]. .
	[China National Tourism Administration. Tourism Directory[EB/OL]. (2017-01-30)[2017-05-21]. ]
[27]	贵州省旅游发展委员会. 旅游名录-旅游景区[EB/OL]. (2016-12-31)[2017-05-21]. .
	[Guizhou Tourism Development Committee. Tourism List-Tourist Attractions[EB/OL]. (2016-12-31)[2017-05-21]. ]
[28]	重庆市旅游发展委员会. 重庆市A级旅游景区名单[EB/OL]. (2016-12-31)[2017-05-21]. .
	[Chongqing Tourism Development Committee. A list of Chongqing A-Grade Tourist Attractions[EB/OL]. (2016-12-31)[2017-05-21]. ]
[29]	湖北省旅游发展委员会. 旅游景区[EB/OL]. (2016-12-31)[2017-05-21]. .
	[Hubei Tourism Development Committee. Toursit Attractions[EB/OL]. (2016-12-31)[2017-05-21]. ]
[30]	浙江省旅游发展委员会. 景区查询[EB/OL]. (2016-12-31)[2017-05-21]. .
	[Zhejiang Tourism Development Committee. Tourist Attractions Inquiry[EB/OL]. (2016-12-31)[2017-05-21]. ]
[31]	上海市旅游局. A级景区[EB/OL]. (2016-12-31)[2017-05-21]. .
	[Shanghai Tourism Administration. A-Grade Tourist Attractions[EB/OL]. (2016-12-31)[2017-05-21]. ]
[32]	赵璐, 赵作权. 基于特征椭圆的中国经济空间分异研究[J]. 地理科学, 2014, 34(8): 979-986.
	[Zhao L, Zhao Z Q.Projecting the spatial variation of economic based on the specific ellipses in China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2014, 34(8): 979-986. ]
[33]	胡宇娜, 梅林, 陈妍. 中国5A级旅游景区网站质量测度及空间特征研究[J]. 地理科学, 2016, 36(4): 548-554.
	[Hu Y N, Mei L, Chen Y.Quality assessment and spatial feature of portal websites in China’s 5A rated tourism attraction[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016, 36(4): 548-554. ]
[34]	程海峰, 胡文海. 池州市A级旅游景区空间结构[J]. 地理科学, 2014, 34(10): 1275-1280.
	[Cheng H F, Hu W H.Spatial structure of class A tourist attraction in Chizhou[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2014, 34(10): 1275-1280. ]
[35]	黄远水, 陈钢华, 伍弦. 福建省旅游景区空间结构研究-基于国家3A级以上旅游景区的统计分析[J]. 经济地理, 2010, 30(7): 1195-1199.
	[Huang Y S, Chen G H, Wu X.Spatial structual of tourist attractions in Fujian Province-statistic analysis based on the national 3A level-above tourist attractions[J]. Economic Geography, 2010, 30(7): 1195-1199. ]
[36]	国家旅游局. 旅游资源分类、调查与评价[EB/OL]. (2003-02-24)[2017-06-19]. .
	[China National Tourism Administration. Classification, Investigation and Evaluation of Tourism Resources[EB/OL]. (2003-02-24)[2017-06-19]. ]
[37]	赵磊, 丁烨, 杨宏浩. 浙江省旅游景区空间分布差异化研究[J]. 经济地理, 2013, 33(9): 177-183.
	[Zhao L, Ding Y, Yang H H.Quantitative study on spatial distribution difference of tourism attractions in Zhejiang Province[J]. Economic Geography, 2013, 33(9): 177-183. ]
[38]	李飞, 何建民, 李玲. 公共资源景区负荷强度对其门票价格的影响-来自国家假日办“黄金周”重点监测景区的证据[J]. 旅游学刊, 2013, 28(4): 94-103.
	[Li F, He J M, Li L.The impact of the loading intensity of public resource scenery spots on their entrance fees: evidence from the key scenery spots monitored by the National Holiday Office[J]. Tourism Tribune, 2013, 28(4): 94-103. ]
[39]	何胜, 唐承丽, 周国华. 长江中游城市群空间相互作用研究[J]. 经济地理, 2014, 34(4): 46-53.
	[He S, Tang C L, Zhou G H.Research on spatial interaction of the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River[J]. Economic Geography, 2014, 34(4): 46-53. ]
[40]	刘传明, 曾菊新. 县域综合交通可达性测度及其与经济发展水平的关系-对湖北省79个县域的定量分析[J]. 地理研究, 2011, 30(12): 2209-2221.
	[Liu C M, Zeng J X.The calculating method about the comprehensive transport accessibility and its correlation with economic development at county level: the statistical analysis of 79 counties in Hubei Province[J]. Geographical Research, 2011, 30(12): 2209-2221. ]
[41]	王秋龙, 晋秀龙. 安徽省A级旅游景区空间结构演变及影响因素分析[J]. 中山大学学报, 2017, 34(1): 39-44.
	[Wang Q L, Jin X L.Analysis of the spatial structure evolution and its influence factors of A -grade tourist scenic area in Anhui Province[J]. Journal of Zhongshan University, 2017, 34(1): 39-44. ]
[42]	程晓丽, 祝亚雯. 安徽省旅游产业与文化产业融合发展研究[J]. 经济地理, 2012, 32(9): 161-165.
	[Cheng X L, Zhu Y W.The integration of tourism industry and culture industry in Anhui Province[J]. Economic Geography, 2012, 32(9): 161-165. ]
[43]	杨仲元, 徐建刚, 林蔚. 基于复杂适应系统理论的旅游地空间演化模式-以皖南旅游区为例[J]. 地理学报, 2016, 71(6): 1059-1074.
	[Yang Z Y, Xu J G, Lin W.Spatial evolution progress of tourism destination based on theory of complex adaptive system: a case of southern Anhui[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(6): 1059-1074. ]
[44]	新华社. 中共中央国务院关于加快推进生态文明建设的意见[J]. 建筑节能, 2015, (6): 5-14.
	[Xinhua News Agency.The views of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of China on accelerating the construction of ecological civilization[J]. Building Energy Efficiency, 2015, (6): 5-14. ]
[45]	吴欣. 《长江经济带发展规划纲要》正式印发[N]. 现代物流报, 2016-09-14(001).
	[Wu X. The Outline of the Development Plan of the Yangtze Economic Belt Is Officially Issued[N]. Modern Logistics Reported, 2016-09-14(001). ]
[46]	席建超, 葛全胜. 长江国际黄金旅游带对区域旅游创新发展的启示[J]. 地理科学进展, 2015, 34(11): 1449-1457.
	[Xi J C, Ge Q S. The enlightenment of the Yangtze River International Golden Tourism Belt to the innovative development of regional tourism[J]. Progress in Geography, 2015, 34(11): 1449-1457. ].
[47]	陈雯, 孙伟, 吴加伟, 等. 长江经济带开发与保护空间格局构建及其分析路径[J]. 地理科学进展, 2015, 34(11): 1388-1397.
	[Chen W, Sun W, Wu J W, et al. Constructing a spatial pattern of development and protection in the Yangtze River Economic Belt and its analysis[J]. Progress in Geography, 2015, 34(11): 1388-1397. ]
[48]	杜裕民. 长江经济带旅游一体化中心城市联动机制研究[J]. 华东经济管理, 2017, 31(5): 87-92.
	[Du Y M.A study on the linkage mechanism of tourism integration center cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt[J]. East China Economic Management, 2017, 31(5): 87-92. ]
[49]	国家旅游局. 旅游数据[EB/OL]. (2017-02-03)[2017-05-21]. .
	[China National Tourism Administration. Tourism statistics[EB/OL]. (2017-02-03)[2017-05-21]. ]
[50]	黄泰. 长三角城市群旅游流潜力格局演变及其影响因素[J]. 资源科学, 2016, 38(2): 364-376.
	[Huang T.Evolution characteristics and factors affecting tourist flow potential in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomerations[J]. Resources Science, 2016, 38(2): 364-376. ]
[51]	梁滨, 邓祖涛. 长江中游城市群旅游经济空间格局演化分析[J]. 经济问题, 2015, (9): 125-128.
	[Liang B, Deng Z T.Analysis on the evolution of spatial structure to tourism economy of the urban agglomeration in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River[J]. Economy Problem, 2015, (9): 125-128. ]
[52]	李凯, 刘涛, 曹广忠. 城市群空间集聚和扩散的特征与机制-以长三角城市群、武汉城市群和成渝城市群为例[J]. 城市规划, 2016, 40(2): 18-26.
	[Li K, Liu T, Cao G Z.Characteristics and mechanism of spatial concentration and dispersion of the representative urban agglomerations in China: a case study of Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomerations, Wuhan Urban Agglomerations, and Chengdu-Chongqing Urban Agglomerations[J]. City Planning Review, 2016, 40(2): 18-26. ]
[53]	中国民用航空局. 年度民航发展报告[EB/OL]. (2017-05-08)[2017-06-19]. .
	[Civil Aviation Administration of China. Annual Civil Aviation Development Report[EB/OL]. (2017-05-08)[2017-06-19]. ]
[54]	中华人民共和国交通运输部. 水运统计数据[EB/OL]. (2017-04-19)[2017-06-19]. .
	[Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China. Waterage transport statistics [EB/OL]. (2017-04-19)[2017-06-19]. ]
[55]	吴杨, 倪欣欣, 马仁锋, 等. 上海工业旅游资源的空间分布与联动特征[J]. 资源科学, 2015, 37(12): 2362-2370.
	[Wu Y, Ni X X, Ma R F, et al. Space distribution and linkage of urban industrial tourism resources in Shanghai[J]. Resources Science, 2015, 37(12): 2362-2370. ]

	2012年景区数量/个	2016年景区数量/个	景区增量/个	景区数量增幅/%
云南	140	230	90	64.286
四川	225	383	158	70.222
贵州	93	178	85	91.398
重庆	123	209	86	69.919
湖北	248	280	32	12.903
湖南	185	298	113	61.081
江西	131	236	105	80.153
安徽	388	529	141	36.340
江苏	515	627	112	21.748
浙江	315	336	21	6.667
上海	73	85	12	16.438
总体	2 436	3 391	955	39.203

	2012年				2016年
	平均观测距离	预期平均距离	平均最近邻指数	P值	平均观测距离	预期平均距离	平均最近邻指数	P值
云南	22.158	34.872	0.635	0.000**	13.927	25.183	0.553	0.000**
四川	15.753	24.120	0.653	0.000**	12.346	19.365	0.638	0.000**
贵州	16.666	22.967	0.726	0.000**	11.750	17.277	0.680	0.000**
重庆	11.321	17.923	0.632	0.000**	8.082	14.034	0.576	0.000**
湖北	12.145	18.229	0.666	0.000**	9.401	15.629	0.602	0.000**
湖南	13.001	18.017	0.722	0.000**	10.292	14.268	0.721	0.000**
江西	13.746	20.084	0.684	0.000**	9.605	14.529	0.661	0.000**
安徽	7.311	12.128	0.603	0.000**	5.972	10.114	0.590	0.000**
江苏	4.475	8.708	0.514	0.000**	4.641	7.899	0.588	0.000**
浙江	7.533	10.385	0.725	0.000**	7.710	10.373	0.743	0.000**
上海	5.243	6.040	0.868	0.035*	4.281	5.579	0.767	0.000**
总体	9.833	17.943	0.548	0.000**	8.197	15.071	0.544	0.000**

	中心经度	中心纬度	短轴/km	长轴/km	置信度
2012年	114°19′18″E	30°08′18″N	626.617	1 746.780	0.05
2016年	113°26′01″E	29°57′29″N	636.757	1 799.541	0.05