旅游城市餐饮消费者食物浪费行为研究

doi:10.18402/resci.2018.06.09

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着旅游消费的快速发展,旅游成为驱动城市餐饮食物消费的重要动力,然而旅游城市食物浪费问题日益突出,成为制约中国食物可持续消费和粮食安全的重要问题。为探究旅游城市餐饮消费者的食物浪费行为,本文构建了消费者在外就餐食物消费与浪费模型,利用北京、上海、成都和拉萨4个旅游城市159家餐饮企业2293份消费者餐桌食物浪费现场调研一手数据,实证分析了旅游城市消费者食物浪费行为特征,尤其是旅游者和非旅游者的食物浪费行为及差异。研究结果表明：总体上餐饮消费者每餐人均浪费量为79.52g。从消费者类型分析,旅游者人均每餐食物浪费量（96.54g）高于非旅游者人均每餐食物浪费量（73.79g）;从就餐原因看,当就餐原因为朋友聚餐时相比其余就餐原因容易造成更高的食物浪费量;消费者的个人特征是影响其食物浪费行为的重要因素,其中受教育水平和年龄结构对食物浪费行为的影响呈“倒U型”特征,即随着教育水平和年龄的增加,消费者人均每餐食物浪费量呈现先增长后下降的趋势。另外,收入越高的消费者越容易产生食物浪费行为,不同消费时间、不同就餐频率群体的食物浪费同样呈现出显著差异。减少餐饮食物浪费,倡导低碳、绿色和可持续消费模式需要政府、餐饮企业、消费者等各利益相关方的共同参与和行动。

关键词: 食物浪费, 消费者, 餐饮, 行为研究, 旅游城市

Abstract:

Food waste has attracted widespread attention around the world for the reason that it is not only a threat to global food security but also a serious loss of global land, water and other natural resources. In fact, food waste also causes serious environmental pollution without proper disposal. With rapid development of tourism consumption in China, food waste during tours is of increasing importance. Food waste is a key part of China’s sustainable food consumption and security. As the result of consumer behavior, factors influencing consumer food waste behavior should be systematically studied. Consumer behaviors, such as lack of shopping planning, impulse buying, and excessive purchasing, cause food waste to varying degrees. In order to explore the food waste behavior of consumers in a tourism context, a food consumption and waste model was constructed. Food waste data were obtained from field survey in the catering industry, and the field research period is from June to August 2015. The research cities include Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu, and Lhasa. A total of 159 catering companies were surveyed, and 2293 samples were included in the study. Based on research and catering industry data for food waste in four tourist cities, we analyzed characteristics of food waste behavior, especially differences in the food waste behavior of tourists and non-tourists. The results suggested that tourists wasted more food than non-tourists according to the per capita waste per meal. Consumers wasted more food when the reason for eating was friends gathering. The personal characteristics of consumers were important factors affecting food waste behavior, such as education level and age, which followed an ‘inverted U’ relationship. The higher the income, the more consumers are prone to food waste. To reduce food waste, more stakeholders should be united together.

Key words: food waste, consumers, catering, behavior research, tourist city

张盼盼, 王灵恩, 白军飞, 刘晓洁, 成升魁, 符绍鹏. 旅游城市餐饮消费者食物浪费行为研究[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(6): 1186-1195.

Panpan ZHANG, Ling-en WANG, Junfei BAI, Xiaojie LIU, Shengkui CHENG, Shaopeng FU. The food waste behavior of catering consumers from a tourism perspective[J]. Resources Science, 2018, 40(6): 1186-1195.

图/表 6

表1

表2

4个旅游城市餐饮消费者食物浪费行为主要变量定义"

变量名称	变量符号	变量说明
人均浪费量	pw	调研餐桌的人均浪费量
是否旅游者	tourist	是否是旅游者,如果是旅游者,取值为1,否则取值为0
城市
北京	beijing	调研城市为北京取值为1,否则取值为0
上海	shanghai	调研城市为上海取值为1,否则取值为0
成都	chengdu	调研城市为成都取值为1,否则取值为0
拉萨	lhasa	调研城市为拉萨取值为1,否则取值为0（参照组）
价格	price_g	调研餐馆的综合价格水平,一定程度上反映出餐馆的档次
时间	time	0~1变量,调研包括午餐和晚餐,晚餐取值为1,否则取值为0
年龄	age	取值1~6,具体含义：1（≤20岁）;2（21~30岁）;3（31~40岁）;4（41~50岁）;5（51~60岁）;6（≥60岁）
就餐频率	fre_local	消费者在调研餐馆就餐的频率,取值1~5,取值越大代表越不经常来这家餐馆消费
性别	gender	被调查者是男性则取值为1,否则取值为0
节俭意识	frugality	取值1~5,取值越大代表节俭意识越强
收入	income	代表消费者的月收入水平,取值1~8,具体含义：1（≤ 2 000元）;2（2 001~4 000元）;3（4 001~6 000元）; 4（6 001~8 000元）;5（8 001~10 000元）;6（10 001~12 000元）;7（12 001~14 000元）;8（≥14 000元）
教育	edu	代表不同的受教育水平,取值1~6,具体含义：1（小学或以下）;2（初中）;3（高中）;4（大学）;5（硕士）;6（博士）。取值越大表示受教育水平越高
务农经历	farmer_exp	是否有务农经历,如果有务农经历,取值为1,否则取值为0
点餐人	order_person	是否是点餐人,如果是点餐人,取值为1,否则取值为0
就餐原因
商务/公务	business/official	就餐原因是商务/公务取值为1,否则取值为0
家庭聚会	family_party	就餐原因是家庭聚会取值为1,否则取值为0
朋友聚会	friend_party	就餐原因是朋友聚会取值为1,否则取值为0
工作餐	working_meal	就餐原因是工作餐取值为1,否则取值为0（参照组）
无特定目的	no_specific	就餐原因是无特定目的取值为1,否则取值为0
其他	other	就餐原因是其他取值为1,否则取值为0
50岁以上成员	elder_50	家中是否有一起居住的50岁以上的成员,如果有则取值为1,否则取值为0

表2

表3

图1

表4

表5

参考文献 14

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	常住人口/万人	国内旅游者人数/万人	旅游收入/亿元	旅游收入占GDP比重/%	城市特征	餐饮特色
北京	2 171	26 859	4 320	18.77	全国政治、经济、文化、科技创新中心	菜系种类齐全,以北方菜为主
上海	2 415	27 569	2 997	11.93	中国经济中心,城市现代化代表	菜系种类齐全,以本帮菜为主
成都	1 466	18 904	1 987	18.39	著名的美食胜地,是旅游者向往的“锦绣之城”	以川菜为主,具有独特的火锅文化、品类多样的小吃
拉萨	56	1 179	155	41.12	高原特色旅游城市	以藏餐、川菜为主,具有独特的藏族饮食文化

	样本量 /份	餐馆数量 /个	旅游者数量 /人	非旅游者数量 /人
北京	601	46	129	472
上海	553	39	105	448
成都	850	51	256	594
拉萨	289	26	88	201
共计	2 293	162	578	1 715

变量名称	变量符号	系数	标准误	t值	边际效应
是否旅游者	tourist	32.918***	8.323	3.96	19.338
城市
北京	beijing	9.632	13.256	0.73	5.751
上海	shanghai	-3.379	13.513	-0.25	-1.964
成都	chengdu	-2.376	12.682	-0.19	-1.384
价格	price_g	0.444	0.726	0.61	0.261
时间	time	18.931**	7.600	2.49	11.121
年龄	age	31.784**	15.853	2.00	18.671
年龄平方	age_sq	-5.365**	2.545	-2.11	-3.152
就餐频率	fre_local	6.631**	2.798	2.37	3.895
性别	gender	-4.250	7.429	-0.57	-2.497
节俭意识	frugality	-7.505**	3.291	-2.28	-4.409
收入	income	4.184*	2.173	1.93	2.458
教育	edu	54.428***	19.452	2.80	31.974
教育平方	edu_sq	-9.269***	2.769	-3.35	-5.445
务农经历	farmer_exp	-6.477	8.207	-0.79	-3.805
点餐人	order_person	-24.779***	8.270	-3.00	-14.557
就餐原因
商务/公务	business/official	28.987	21.883	1.32	17.387
家庭聚会	family_party	17.754	12.536	1.42	10.410
朋友聚会	friend_party	45.925***	11.626	3.95	28.465
无特定目的	no_specific	-25.148**	11.550	-2.18	-13.422
其他	other	-20.086	27.786	-0.72	-10.846
50岁以上成员	elder_50	4.406	7.569	0.58	2.588
常数项	_cons	-87.940*	44.893	-1.96