劳动力转移、合作经营与林业生产效率研究

doi:10.18402/resci.2018.04.17

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

工业化与城镇化进程中,农村大量的劳动力持续外移已成为掣肘林业可持续发展的重要因素。为考察当前农户家庭林业生产效率以及劳动力转移、合作经营对其造成的影响,本文利用福建省9个重点林业县的农户调查数据,运用DEA-Tobit方法测算了农户家庭林业生产效率,分析了劳动力转移对家庭林业生产效率的影响,并检验了林业合作经营在二者之间的调节作用。研究发现：①农户家庭林业仍倾向粗放经营,林业生产效率处于较低水平,仅为0.203,且不同商品林经营类型的生产效率存在着明显差异;②劳动力转移对林业生产效率具有显著的抑制作用,而林业合作经营能够有效地促进林业生产效率的提升,并且对劳动力转移与林业生产效率二者的关系有显著正向调节效应;③劳动力特征、林地经营特征及不同商品林经营类型也在一定程度上影响家庭林业生产效率。农村劳动力转移已成为林业发展的制约因素,应当鼓励农户进行联合经营与互助经营,以促进生产要素整合及利用效率的提升,从而克服因劳动力转移后导致的家庭林业劳动力短缺问题。

关键词: 劳动力转移, 合作经营, 家庭林业生产效率, DEA-Tobit模型, 林业县, 福建省

Abstract:

During the process of industrialization and urbanization the continuous transfer of rural labor has become an important factor restricting the sustainable development of forestry. In order to investigate forestry production efficiency and evaluate the effect of labor transfer and cooperative operation on it, we measured the efficiency of forestry production and analyzed the relationship between labor transfer, forestry cooperation and forestry production efficiency using the DEA-Tobit model and survey data from nine forestry counties in Fujian. We found that household forestry still tends to be extensively managed. Forestry production efficiency stayed at a low level (0.203) and there are obvious differences in production efficiency among different forest management types. Labor transfer had a significant inhibitory effect on forestry production efficiency, namely cooperative forestry operation can promote it and brought positive regulating effect on the relationship between labor transfer and forestry production efficiency. Labor force character, woodland management characteristics and different types of forestry management also affected forestry production efficiency to some extent. Thus, rural labor transfer is restricting forestry development. Farmers should be encouraged to build up joint operations and engage in mutual assistance to promote the integration of production factors and utilization efficiency and overcome shortages in family forestry labor caused by labor transfer.

Key words: labor transfer, cooperative operation, household forestry production efficiency, DEA-Tobit model, forestry counties, Fujian Province

韩雅清, 林丽梅, 魏远竹, 苏时鹏, 许佳贤. 劳动力转移、合作经营与林业生产效率研究[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(4): 838-850.

Yaqing HAN, Limei LIN, Yuanzhu WEI, Shipeng SU, Jiaxian XU. Labor transfer, cooperative operation and forestry production efficiency based on surveys of farmers in 9 forestry counties in Fujian[J]. Resources Science, 2018, 40(4): 838-850.

图/表 8

图1

表1

表2

表3

表4

表5

表6

Tobit模型估计结果"

解释变量	模型1	模型2	模型3	模型4	模型5
劳动力转移程度(trans)	-	-0.099***	-	-0.089***	-0.125***
劳动力转移程度(trans)		(-3.58)		(-3.33)	(-4.03)
林业合作经营(co-oper)	-	-	0.153***	0.149***	0.101***
林业合作经营(co-oper)			(7.19)	(7.06)	(3.36)
劳动力转移×林业合作经营(trans×co-oper)	-	-	-	-	0.161**
劳动力转移×林业合作经营(trans×co-oper)					(2.24)
年龄(age)	-0.003***	-0.002**	-0.002***	-0.002**	-0.002**
年龄(age)	(-2.83)	(-2.36)	(-2.74)	(-2.30)	(-2.27)
受教育程度(edu)	0.001	0.002	0.001	0.002	0.001
受教育程度(edu)	(0.47)	(0.92)	(0.45)	(0.86)	(0.71)
是否接受过林业技术培训(train)	0.346***	0.334***	0.309***	0.300***	0.297***
是否接受过林业技术培训(train)	(17.74)	(17.14)	(16.12)	(15.65)	(15.57)
林地细碎化程度(frag)	-0.008**	-0.008**	-0.006*	-0.006*	-0.007**
林地细碎化程度(frag)	(-2.41)	(-2.41)	(-1.92)	(-1.92)	(-2.06)
林地肥沃程度(fertile)	0.024	0.024	0.034*	0.033*	0.032
林地肥沃程度(fertile)	(1.14)	(1.16)	(1.66)	(1.66)	(1.62)
林业收入占比(fore-pro)	0.162***	0.143***	0.131***	0.115***	0.113***
林业收入占比(fore-pro)	(6.47)	(5.66)	(5.41)	(4.71)	(4.65)
第Ⅰ类农户(type1)	-0.014	-0.005	-0.021	-0.013	-0.013
第Ⅰ类农户(type1)	(-0.74)	(-0.27)	(-1.13)	(-0.68)	(-0.71)
第Ⅱ类农户(type2)	0.041**	0.045**	0.026	0.030	0.031
第Ⅱ类农户(type2)	(1.97)	(2.18)	(1.33)	(1.54)	(1.62)
第Ⅲ类农户(type3)	0.061***	0.048**	0.056***	0.045**	0.045**
第Ⅲ类农户(type3)	(2.86)	(2.27)	(2.78)	(2.23)	(2.22)
是否地区二(D2)	0.051**	0.055***	0.039*	0.043**	0.041**
是否地区二(D2)	(2.44)	(2.69)	(1.94)	(2.18)	(2.12)
是否地区三(D3)	0.066***	0.072***	0.051**	0.057***	0.057***
是否地区三(D3)	(3.19)	(3.50)	(2.58)	(2.89)	(2.94)
是否地区四(D4)	0.017	0.029	0.008	0.019	0.021
是否地区四(D4)	(0.69)	(1.19)	(0.35)	(0.83)	(0.89)
是否地区五(D5)	0.038	0.042*	0.018	0.022	0.024
是否地区五(D5)	(1.49)	(1.68)	(0.72)	(0.91)	(1.00)
_cons	0.171***	0.177***	0.148**	0.154**	0.172***
_cons	(2.63)	(2.76)	(2.39)	(2.52)	(2.80)
LR chi²	403.52	416.17	452.62	463.59	468.58
Prob>chi²	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
Pseudo R²	17.668	18.225	19.818	20.298	20.517
Log likelihood	190.340	196.665	214.889	220.375	222.871
Obs	509	509	509	509	509

表6

表7

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变量		变量定义	均值	标准差
林业投入	林地投入(land)/ hm²	林地实际经营面积	7.903	53.020
	劳动力投入(labor)/ (人/天)	包括自投工与雇工量	104.220	154.293
	资金投入(capital)/元	林业经营资金投入	5 767.798	16 906.670
林业产出	林业总产出(yield)/元	林业经济收入与蓄积量增量货币化	24 111.170	46 126.650

变量类型	变量名	变量定义	均值	标准差
被解释变量	家庭林业生产效率(effic)	软件所测效率值	0.203	0.227
解释变量
劳动力转移	劳动力转移程度(trans)	劳动力转移人口/劳动力总人口	0.339	0.274
合作经营	林业合作经营(co-oper)	合作经营面积/林地总面积	0.216	0.339
控制变量
劳动力特征变量	年龄(age)/ 岁	户主年龄	51.440	8.140
	受教育程度(edu)/ 年	户主受教育年限	7.664	2.938
	是否接受过林业技术培训(train)	0=否;1=是	0.189	0.392
林地及经营变量	林地细碎化程度(frag)	林地块数（块）	3.642	2.159
	林地肥沃程度(fertile)	肥沃林地（Ⅰ类）/林地总面积	0.623	0.295
	林业收入占比(fore-pro)	林业收入/家庭总收入	0.375	0.300
不同商品林类型农户	第Ⅰ类农户(type1)	0=否;1=是	0.212	0.409
	第Ⅱ类农户(type2)	0=否;1=是	0.136	0.343
	第Ⅲ类农户(type3)	0=否;1=是	0.143	0.351
地理区位控制变量	是否地区二(D2)	1=三明市;0=其他地区	0.220	0.415
	是否地区三(D3)	1=南平市;0=其他地区	0.259	0.439
	是否地区四(D4)	1=泉州市;0=其他地区	0.189	0.392
	是否地区五(D5)	1=宁德市;0=其他地区	0.118	0.323

市	县、区	所辖乡、镇	有效样本数/个
三明市	梅列	列东街道、列西街道、陈大镇、徐碧乡、洋溪乡	57
三明市	尤溪	坂面镇、汤川乡、梅县镇、西滨镇、中仙乡	55
宁德市	寿宁	大安乡、坑底乡、托溪乡、下党乡、斜滩镇	60
南平市	延平	水南镇、王台镇、洋后镇、茫荡镇、巨口乡	34
	顺昌	高阳乡、岚下乡、埔上镇、洋口镇、元坑镇	53
	建阳	徐市镇、营口镇、将口镇、漳敦镇	45
龙岩市	武平	东留镇、十方镇、万安乡、中山镇	52
龙岩市	漳平	官田乡、芦芝乡、南阳镇、新桥镇	57
泉州市	永春	东关镇、东平镇、横口乡、湖阳镇、外山乡、五里街、下洋镇、一都镇	96
合计			509

劳动力转移程度	样本数	林业总产出/元	林地投入/hm²	劳动力投入/(人/天)	资金投入/元
劳动力无转移：trans=0	188	31 753.24	10.77	109.85	6 487.70
劳动力有转移：trans>0	321	19 635.44	6.22	100.92	5 346.17
0<trans≤33.33%	82	22 854.27	6.75	109.39	6 692.41
33.33%<trans≤66.67%	191	18 323.66	6.44	93.91	4 657.25
66.67%<trans≤100%	48	19 356.35	4.48	94.31	5 787.67
合作经营农户	190	32 846.32	10.02	93.94	6 389.56
非合作经营农户	319	18 908.42	6.64	106.29	5 397.47
总体样本	509	24 111.17	7.90	104.22	5 767.79

劳动力转移程度	综合生产效率	纯技术效率	规模效率
劳动力无转移：trans=0	0.279	0.337	0.798
劳动力有转移：trans>0	0.160	0.206	0.783
0<trans≤33.33%	0.206	0.263	0.773
33.33%<trans≤66.67%	0.146	0.188	0.790
66.67%<trans≤100%	0.133	0.182	0.767
合作经营农户	0.234	0.301	0.811
非合作经营农户	0.186	0.257	0.774
总体样本	0.203	0.255	0.788