四重质量维度下的县域耕地质量评价方法研究

doi:10.18402/resci.2018.04.08

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

耕地利用与保护需要对耕地质量进行多维管理,多维耕地质量评价是耕地资源管理的重要依据,而县级尺度耕地质量评价是中国耕地质量管理的基础。根据耕地质量内涵,构建反映不同质量维度耕地质量的方法,是客观评价耕地多重质量的必然要求。本文以“需求-质量维度-指标-限制系数-耕地质量”理论框架为基础,构建了基于土壤、生态、环境和管理四个质量维度的县域耕地质量指标体系。利用多源多尺度数据,采用限制系数逐级修正的方法,以北京市大兴区为例进行了耕地质量评价方法的研究,并将评价结果与相关方法进行了对比分析。研究结果表明：①大兴区耕地质量处于中等偏上水平,环境质量是制约耕地质量提升的主要因素;②本研究考虑了耕地的环境质量,因此评价结果与基础地力评价和农用地质量分等成果有一定差异;③构建的耕地质量评价指标体系融合了现有的农用地质量分等指标、耕地地力指标、土壤环境指标等,具有较强的包容性和开放性;④根据非加和及限制因子原理,采用限制系数逐级修正的方法,客观反映了县域耕地质量差异。该评价方法不仅可以评价耕地质量,还可定量评价分维度质量,是对已有成果评价方法的有效补充,可以为中国耕地资源“数量、质量、生态”三位一体的管理需求提供有效支撑。

关键词: 耕地质量, 质量维度, 限制系数, 指标体系, 北京大兴区

Abstract:

Cultivated land use and protection require multidimensional management of cultivated land quality. As the quality evaluation of cultivated land at the county level is the basis of quality management of cultivated land in China, we built a comprehensive quality indicator system at the county level under the multidimension of cultivated land quality including soil, ecology, environmental and management quality based on the theoretical framework of ‘demand - quality dimension - indicator - limiting coefficient - comprehensive quality of cultivated land’. This research was carried out in Daxing District of Beijing using multi-source and multi-scale data and step by step modification by limit coefficient. We found that the quality of cultivated land in Daxing District was in the middle level, while environmental quality was the main dimension restricting the promotion of cultivated land quality. The result is different from the achievement of cultivated land productivity evaluation and agricultural land utilization classification since the environmental quality of cultivated land was considered n in our evaluation. The cultivated land quality evaluation index system integrated indicators of agricultural land quality, cultivated land productivity and soil environment which has strong inclusiveness and openness. The differences in county cultivated land quality were objectively reflected in the evaluation result via step by step modification through limit coefficients according to non-additive and limiting factors. Cultivated land quality evaluation in this study is an effective supplement to the existing evaluation achievement and could support China's trinity management strategy of cultivated land as it not only properly evaluates the comprehensive quality of cultivated land but also quantitatively evaluates sub-dimension quality.

Key words: cultivated land quality, quality dimension, limiting coefficient, indicator system, Daxing District of Beijing

辛芸娜, 范树印, 孔祥斌, 张蚌蚌, 温良友, 张青璞. 四重质量维度下的县域耕地质量评价方法研究[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(4): 737-747.

Yunna XIN, Shuyin FAN, Xiangbin KONG, Bangbang ZHANG, Liangyou WEN, Qingpu ZHANG. Evaluation of cultivated land quality based on four quality dimensions[J]. Resources Science, 2018, 40(4): 737-747.

图/表 10

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大兴区耕地管理质量评价指标赋分规则及权重"

指标	分值	类型	权重
田块状况	100	田块整齐,平整程度好,完全满足农业机械化和规模化经营要求	0.15
	90	田块较整齐,平整程度好,满足农业机械化和规模化经营要求
	70	田块较整齐,平整程度较好,基本满足农业机械化和规模化经营要求
	40	田块整齐性差,平整程度差,不能满足农业机械化和规模化经营要求
灌溉和排水条件	100	灌溉可充分满足,包括水田和可随时灌溉的水浇地;排水有健全的干支斗农排水沟道（包括抽排）,无洪涝灾害	0.20
	90	灌溉能基本满足,有良好的灌溉系统,在关键需水生长季节有灌溉保证的水浇地;排水体系基本健全,丰水年暴雨后有短期洪涝发生（田面积水1~2d）
	70	灌溉一般能满足,有灌溉系统,但在大旱年不能保证灌溉的水浇地;排水体系一般,丰水年大雨后有洪涝发生（田面积水2~3d）
	40	无灌溉和排水条件,包括旱地和望天田,一般年份在大雨后发生洪涝（田面积水>3d）
田间道路通达度	100	田间路、生产路布局合理,通达度高,农业运输机械能到达每个田块	0.15
	90	田间路、生产路布局合理,通达度较高,农业运输机械能达到大部分田块
	70	田间路、生产路布局较合理,通达度一般,农业运输机械能达到项目区
	40	田间路、生产路布局不合理,通达度差,不能满足机械化运输要求
农田防洪标准/年	100	>10	0.15
	90	5~10
	70	3~5
	40	≤ 3
农田供电保证率	100	农田电力基础设施完善,可完全满足农田用电需求	0.15
	90	农田电力基础设施一般,基本满足农田用电需求
	70	农田电力基础设施较差,不能满足农田用电需求
	40	无农田电力基础设施,完全不能满足农田供电需求
农田防护配套	100	农田防护配套程度较高或水土保持措施健全,符合规划设计规范中的农田防护标准	0.20
	90	农田防护配套措施一般,不能对防护范围内的农田起到完全防护作用
	70	农田防护配套措施较差,防护范围内的农田防护作用较差
	40	农田防护配套设施缺损严重,农田受到风蚀沙化或水土流失威胁

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图3

图4

参考文献 9

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指标	分值	类型	权重	指标	分值	类型	权重
耕层质地	100	壤土	0.10	障碍层深度/cm	100	60~90	0.10
	90	黏土			80	30~60
	70	砂土			60	≤30
	40	砾质土		pH值	100	6.0~7.9	0.10
剖面构型	100	通体壤、壤/砂/壤	0.04	pH值	90	5.5~6.0,7.9~8.5
	90	壤/黏/壤		80	5.0~5.5,8.5~9.0
	70	砂/黏/砂、壤/粘/黏、壤/砂/砂		60	4.5~5.0
	60	砂/黏/黏		40	≤4.5,9.0~9.5
	50	黏/砂/黏、通体黏、黏/砂/砂		10	>9.5
	40	通体砂、通体砾		土壤有机质/(g/kg)	100	>40	0.10
耕作层厚度/cm	100	>20	0.10		90	40~30
	90	15~20			80	30~20
	70	10~15		70	20~10
	40	≤10		60	10~6
有效土层厚度 /cm	100	>150	0.14	50	≤6
	90	100~150		容重/(g/cm³)	100	1~1.25	0.10
	70	60~100			90	≤1,1.25~1.35
	50	30~60			70	1.35~1.45
	30	≤30			50	1.45~1.55
电导率 /(μS/cm)	100	≤1 000	0.04	土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)/(cmol/kg)	100	>20	0.04
	90	1 000~2 000			90	15.4~20
	70	2 000~5 000			70	10.5~15.4
	40	>5 000			50	6.2~10.5
	-	-			30	≤6.2

分值	速效磷 /(mg/kg)	速效钾 /(mg/kg)	有效硅/(mg/kg)	有效硫/(mg/kg)	有效钙/(mg/kg)	有效镁/(mg/kg)	权重
100	>20	>200	>230	>30	>1 000	>300	0.10
90	15~20	150~200	115~230	16~30	700~1 000	200~300
70	10~15	100~150	70~115	≤16	500~700	100~200
50	5~10	50~100	25~70		300~500	50~100
30	4~5	30~50	≤25		≤300	≤50
10	≤4	≤30.0

分值	有效铁 /(mg/kg)	有效硼 /(mg/kg)	有效铜/(mg/kg)	有效锌/(mg/kg)	有效锰/(mg/kg)	有效钼/(mg/kg)	权重
100	>20.0	>2.0	>1.8	>3.0	>30.0	>0.30	0.04
90	10.0~20.0	1.0~2.0	1.0~1.8	1.0~3.0	15.0~30.0	0.20~0.30
70	4.5~10.0	0.5~1.0	0.2~1.0	0.5~1.0	5.0~15.0	0.15~0.20
50	2.5~4.5	0.2~0.5	0.1~0.2	0.3~0.5	1.0~5.0	0.10~0.15
30	≤ 2.5	≤ 0.2	≤ 0.1	≤ 0.3	≤ 1.0	≤ 0.10

指标	分值	土壤有机碳含量
土壤有机碳 /(g/kg)	100	>20
	90	10~20
	80	4~10
	70	2~4
	60	≤ 2