土地流转对农户技术效率的影响

doi:10.18402/resci.2018.04.05

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

土地租赁市场的迅速发展对农业生产具有重要影响。本文利用河南省延津县331个胡萝卜种植户的问卷调查数据,采用超越对数随机前沿生产函数和倾向值匹配估计法等计量模型分析了土地流转对农户技术效率的影响。得出以下结论：被调查地区胡萝卜种植户技术效率异质性特征明显,技术效率介于0.41~0.98之间,平均为0.85,仍存在较大上升空间;土地转入行为的微观决策受到户主年龄、性别、文化程度、种植经验、家庭务农人数、距农资市场距离和是否存在非正规信贷约束等因素的显著影响;土地转入能够使农户技术效率得到显著提升,流转户的实际技术效率比不参与流转的反事实技术效率平均高出12.8~14.4个百分点,非流转户若参与土地流转,其技术效率平均也将提升约12.5~13.2个百分点;敏感性分析和稳健性检验进一步证实了土地流转对农户技术效率的积极影响。在此基础上,本文提出了相关的政策启示。

关键词: 土地流转, 技术效率, 随机前沿生产函数, 倾向值匹配估计法, 回归分析法, 胡萝卜种植户, 延津县

Abstract:

Land rental is one of the main ways in which operational land holdings are supposed to be expanded. Cultivated land rental will play an important role in China’s agricultural development strategy. However, the relationship between rural land transfer and agricultural production efficiency is an important ongoing area of research in both the theoretical and empirical literature. In this article, survey data from 331 carrot farmers from Yanjin County and two different models (stochastic frontier production function analysis in logarithmic form and propensity score matching) were employed to assess the effect of land transfer on technical efficiency. According to the results, carrot farmers present heterogeneity characteristics in technical efficiency, ranging from 0.41~0.98 (average=0.85). The decision of land transfer is significantly influenced by factors related to the householder such as age, gender, degree of education, planting experience, the number of farming members, distance from agricultural market and informal credit constraints. Technical efficiency is improved by land transfer by 12.8%~14.4% compared with before and the technical efficiency of non-land transfer farmers could be promoted by 12.5%~13.2% if they participant in land transfer. Sensitivity analysis and robust tests verify the average treatment effect of land transfer on technical efficiency. Farmland transfer is an effective way to improve the efficiency of agricultural production, but government should increase production service investment and advanced technology in agriculture to raise technical efficiency and create more opportunities for land transfer to encourage conditional farmers to roll out land to let them have the best ratio of production factors to improve their production efficiency. Government should encourage farming experts to roll in land in order to achieve scale operations to further improve efficiency.

Key words: land transfer, technical efficiency, stochastic frontier production function, propensity score matching, regression analysis, carrot farmers, Yanjin County

蔡荣, 朱西慧, 刘婷, 易小兰. 土地流转对农户技术效率的影响[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(4): 707-718.

Rong CAI, Xihui ZHU, Ting LIU, Xiaolan YI. The effects of land transfer on technical efficiency[J]. Resources Science, 2018, 40(4): 707-718.

图/表 10

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表8

流转对技术效率的平均处理效应"

匹配方法	平均处理效应	Z值	敏感性检验（ $Γ = 2$ ）：sig+	控制组	处理组
最近邻匹配（k=1）	ATT：0.133	6.61***	***	188	106
最近邻匹配（k=1）	ATU：0.126	12.12***	***	188	106
核匹配（窗宽=0.06）	ATT：0.142	10.19***	***	188	106
核匹配（窗宽=0.06）	ATU：0.126	13.41***	***	188	106
半径匹配（半径=0.01）	ATT：0.128	6.04***	***	156	93
半径匹配（半径=0.01）	ATU：0.132	10.07***	***	156	93
局部线性回归匹配	ATT：0.144	9.50***	***	188	106
局部线性回归匹配	ATU：0.125	13.00***	***	188	106

表8

表9

表1

0 土地流转对技术效率的平均处理效应"

平均处理效应	T检验（ATT/ATU=0）	最小值	最大值	标准差	$τ$ 值
ATT：0.122	69.97***	0.072	0.181	0.021	3.882
ATU：0.124	73.25***	0.070	0.227	0.029	3.882

表1

参考文献 22

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变量	户数/户	比例/%	变量	户数/户	比例/%
年龄/岁			农资市场距离/km
<45	107	32.3	<1	243	73.4
45~55	122	36.9	1~2	19	5.7
55~65	60	18.1	≥2	69	20.9
≥65	42	12.7	家庭抚养负担
性别			<0.5	231	69.8
男	313	94.6	≥0.5	100	30.2
女	18	5.4	正规信贷约束
文化程度			是	77	23.3
小学	101	30.5	否	254	76.7
初中	201	60.7	非正规信贷约束
高中	29	8.8	是	27	8.2
农技指导			否	304	91.8
有	118	35.6	非农收入占比/%
没有	213	64.4	<25	46	13.9
种植经验/年			25~50	81	24.5
<10	22	6.7	50~75	187	56.4
10~20	162	48.9	≥75	17	5.2
≥20	147	44.4	承包耕地面积/hm²
务农人数/人			<0.33	139	42.0
1~2	203	61.3	0.33~0.67	124	37.5
3~4	120	36.3	≥0.67	68	20.5
≥5	8	2.4	家庭人口数/人
有无宽带			1~3	94	28.4
是	179	54.1	4~5	151	45.6
否	152	45.9	≥6	86	26.0

	全部样本			流转户			非流转户
	均值		标准差		均值	标准差	均值	标准差
胡萝卜产量/（kg/ hm²）	41 292	6 176		46 039	4 272		38 897	5 579
劳动投入/（日/ hm²）	129	35		128	34		129	36
种子投入/（元/ hm²）	1 038	528		1 065	565		1 025	509
肥料投入/（元/ hm²）	1 875	476		1 859	421		1 882	502
农药投入/（元/ hm²）	670	267		696	291		657	253
其他资本/（元/ hm²）	1 750	568		1 825	848		1 712	348

变量	定义	均值	标准差
年龄/岁	户主年龄	49.86	10.71
性别	户主性别：1=男,0=女	0.95	0.23
文化程度/年	小学=5年,初中=8年,高中=11年	6.95	2.60
家庭人口数/个	2016年家庭常驻人口及在外学习或工作人口总数	4.32	1.66
务农人数	从事务农工作在6个月以上的人数	2.54	0.89
种植经验/年	农户种植胡萝卜的时间	21.84	9.26
农技培训	是否曾接受过胡萝卜种植技术指导或培训：是=1,否=0	0.36	0.48
非农收入份额/%	2016年家庭非农收入之和/2016年家庭总收入	0.48	0.26
家庭抚养负担/%	家中≥ 65岁的老人个数与≤ 15岁的小孩个数之和占家庭总人数的比例	0.33	0.26
是否安装宽带	1=是,0=否	0.56	0.53
承包耕地面积/ hm²	从村集体承包耕地面积	7.46	3.28
农资市场距离/ km	距常去的农资销售点距离	0.60	0.62
正规信贷约束	存在=1,不存在=0	0.23	0.42
非正规信贷约束	存在=1,不存在=0	0.08	0.27

变量	系数	标准误	变量	系数	标准误
ln(L)	1.619**	0.660	ln(L)ln(S)	-0.153***	0.057
ln(S)	-0.209	0.314	ln(L)ln(F)	0.003	0.054
ln(F)	0.151	0.205	ln(L) ln(P)	-0.122*	0.068
ln(P)	0.373	0.454	ln(L)ln(C)	0.025	0.087
ln(C)	-0.745	0.467	ln(S) ln(F)	0.050	0.039
[ln(L)]²	-0.138**	0.057	ln(S)ln(P)	0.012	0.041
[ln(S)]²	-0.047**	0.023	ln(S) ln(C)	0.167	0.058
[ln(F)]²	-0.010	0.008	ln(F) ln(P)	-0.072	0.051
[ln(P)]²	-0.055	0.035	ln(F)ln(C)	-0.004	0.033
[ln(C)]²	-0.045	0.055	ln(P)ln(C)	0.122	0.068
对数似然值=223.55 Wald卡方值=160.26 显著性=0.000

	全部样本	子样本（流转户）	子样本（非流转户）
平均值	0.85	0.93	0.80
最大值	0.98	0.98	0.95
最小值	0.41	0.72	0.41