生态环境和灾害对贫困影响的研究综述

doi:10.18402/resci.2018.04.03

资源科学 ›› 2018, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (4): 676-.doi: 10.18402/resci.2018.04.03

生态环境和灾害对贫困影响的研究综述

程欣^1,^2,³(), 帅传敏^1,³(), 王静^1,³, 李文静^1,^3,⁴, 刘玥^1,^3,⁵

1. 中国地质大学（武汉）经济管理学院,武汉 430074
2. 澳大利亚麦考瑞大学科学与工程学院,悉尼 2109
3. 中国矿产资源战略与政策研究中心和中国地质大学（武汉）资源环境经济研究中心,武汉 430074
4. 英国纽卡斯尔大学自然与环境科学学院,纽卡斯尔 NE1 7RU
5. 江汉大学商学院,武汉 430056

收稿日期:2016-11-24 修回日期:2017-09-20 出版日期:2018-05-02 发布日期:2018-05-02
作者简介:
作者简介：程欣,女,湖北京山人,博士生,主要研究方向为环境经济和生态扶贫。E-mail：cxjournal@163.com
基金资助:
国家社会科学基金重大项目（17ZDA085）;国家自然科学基金面上项目（71473231.71773119）;中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金（CUG170101）

The impact of eco-environment and disaster factors on poverty: a review

Xin CHENG^1,^2,³(), Chuanmin SHUAI^1,³(), Jing WANG^1,³, Wenjing LI^1,^3,⁴, Yue LIU^1,^3,⁵

1. School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
2. Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia;
3. Mineral Resource Strategy and Policy Research Centre of China & Research Centre of Resource and Environmental Economics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China;
4. School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
5. Business School, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China

Received:2016-11-24 Revised:2017-09-20 Online:2018-05-02 Published:2018-05-02

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

集中连片特困地区已成为中国扶贫攻坚的主战场,贫困与生态环境、灾害等诸多因素交织在一起,是中国新时期扶贫开发最难啃的硬骨头。本文分别对生态环境与贫困、灾害与贫困的关系进行了分析,探索了贫困人口的减贫诉求和扶贫模式,最后提出了兼顾环保、减灾和减贫的系统性扶贫理论模型和分析框架,以期为中国政府制定系统性减贫策略奠定理论基础。分析发现：① 生态环境与贫困存在复杂关联,关键影响因子包括环境恶化因素、资源因素和多维贫困因素;② 灾害与贫困的关系研究主要关注脆弱性、直接关系和农户生计三个视角;③ 贫困人口的诉求呈现多元化趋势,但扶贫模式却较少综合考虑环境和灾害等因素。因此,在未来研究中：① 生态环境和贫困关系的研究应该更加重视可持续发展问题;② 灾害对贫困的间接影响因素值得关注,贫困农户的脆弱性和灾后修复等问题也不容忽视;③ 应关注创新性扶贫模式开发,积极促进可再生能源与精准扶贫的有机结合;④ 应该综合地考虑生态环境、灾害和贫困关联的关键因素提出系统性减贫策略。

关键词: 生态环境, 灾害, 贫困, 减贫诉求, 理论框架, 综述

Abstract:

Contiguous Extremely Poverty-Stricken Areas have become the main battlefield in China’s poverty alleviation. Poverty is usually interwoven with eco-environmental and disaster factors, which is the most difficult work in China’s poverty alleviation. Based on the literature, we analyzed the relationship between the eco-environment and poverty, and disaster and poverty. We explored poverty reduction demands of the poor and poverty alleviation modes. Finally, we proposed a systematic theoretical framework for poverty alleviation that could reconcile environmental protection and disaster mitigation with poverty eradication. We found that the relationship between eco-environments and poverty is mutual and complicated, and the key influential factors contain environmental degradation factors, resource factors and multidimensional poverty factors. Related research on the relationship between disasters and poverty mainly focuses on three perspectives: vulnerability, direct relationship and household livelihoods. The poverty reduction demands of the poor present a diversification trend, but previous studies seldom consider the environment and disaster factors. Therefore, in future research on the relationship between eco-environments and poverty should pay more attention to sustainable development issues. The indirect impacts of disasters on poverty are worthy of attention. Issues such as the vulnerability and post-disaster restoration of the poor could not be ignored. Attention should be paid to the development of innovative poverty alleviation modes, and actively promoting the organic combination of renewable energy and targeted poverty alleviation. Related research should comprehensively consider key factors associated with ecological environments, disasters and poverty as well as their interrelationships in an attempt to put forward poverty reduction strategies systematically.

Key words: eco-environment, disasters, poverty, poverty reduction demands, theoretical framework, review

程欣, 帅传敏, 王静, 李文静, 刘玥. 生态环境和灾害对贫困影响的研究综述[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(4): 676-.

Xin CHENG, Chuanmin SHUAI, Jing WANG, Wenjing LI, Yue LIU. The impact of eco-environment and disaster factors on poverty: a review[J]. Resources Science, 2018, 40(4): 676-.

图/表 9

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表1

表2

表3

表4

表5

2007—2017年灾害与贫困关系研究的主要研究视角、灾害类型、研究区域和关系分析"

研究视角	灾害类型	研究区域	灾害与贫困的关系	主要作者	年份
脆弱性角度	地震	海地	社会脆弱性越大的地区越贫困,灾后恢复面临的阻力也越大	Schmidtlein M C等^[79]	2011
	地震	云南省鲁甸县	地震灾前的资源环境特点与区域发展特征分析,贫困地区资源依赖程度高	樊杰等^[81]	2014
	地震、火山爆发、山体滑坡、火山泥流和山洪	秘鲁阿雷基帕	基于教育和贫困程度,失业率和人口密度的脆弱性评价	Thouret J C^[82]	2013
	自然灾害	禄劝县	自然灾害对农户贫困脆弱性的影响	张国培等^[83]	2010
	灾害	渝鄂湘黔交界处 149个村	灾害与贫困具有重合性和一致性;灾害、脆弱性、可行能力、贫困等要素间具有相对的继替性和循环性	张大维等^[84]	2011
	地震、泥石流、崩塌滑坡、洪涝、干旱等	川滇黔接壤地区	自然灾害对农村区域影响更加显著	刘斌涛等^[85]	2014
	自然灾害和气候变化	孟加拉国	对灾害易发区复合指数和脆弱性指数的数据进行比较	Toufique K A等 ^[86]	2014
	自然因素	宁夏	农业依赖程度越高越易引发贫困,灾害脆弱性因子中自然因素对贫困发生率有显著影响	姜江等^[87]	2012
	地震、洪水、干旱、低温、雪、大风和冰雹	中国西南、中部、东北、东部、北部、西部地区	灾害风险水平和贫困率、人均GDP之间以及存在的非线性关系	Zhou Y等^[88]	2015
	自然灾害	中国灾害热点地区	家庭成员的教育水平和家庭劳动能力对于降低脆弱性会发挥重要作用	Ding W等^[89]	2014
	地质灾害	中国三峡库区	地质灾害的影响和房屋结构对农户贫困脆弱性有显著的正向影响,而且是主导的影响因素	Xu D等^[90]	2017
直接关系视角	自然灾害（洪水、干旱）	墨西哥城	一般灾害冲击（尤其是洪水和干旱）将导致人类发展水平的显著下降和贫困水平显著上升	Rodriguez E等^[91]	2013
	当代洪水和极端气候变化	尼日利亚拉各斯	灾害的影响与快速城市化、环境恶化和弱救灾水平有关	Ajibade I等^[92]	2014
	干旱	美国	干旱使整个国家处于自然紧急状态,同时伴有经济衰退,造成了农村的普遍贫困和痛苦	Walker S P^[93]	2014
	地震	印尼农村	地震对个体经济结果的短期、中期和长期影响;并展现了灾后干预对潜在的长期利益的影响	Gignoux和 Men&#x000e9;ndez^[94]	2016
	风暴、洪水和干旱	越南农村	灾难对家庭收入和支出存在负面影响	Arouri M等^[95]	2015
	气候变化	全球	气候变化可能会通过大量直接和间接的方式加剧贫困;对经济增长和贫困程度、贫困陷阱的形成都会产生影响	Leichenko R等^[96]	2014
	灾害	甘肃省	不同地理区域灾害频发与贫困之间的耦合关系很强,灾害与贫困易形成恶性循环	丁文广等^[97]	2013
	自然灾害	安徽省59个县（市）	农业自然灾害受灾面积占总播种面积的比重与农村贫困发生率呈负相关关系	巩前文等^[98]	2007
	自然灾害	广西西南TL村	贫困户各类资产存量普遍较低、脆弱性较高的特征使其在自然灾害打击下更易遭受损失,继而影响其灾后重建和恢复能力	胡家琪等^[99]	2009
	自然灾害	越南	灾害对家庭收入和支出、贫困和不平等的影响	Bui A T等^[100]	2014
	洪水灾害	武陵山区	构建了适合区域成灾特点的风险评估指标体系	殷洁等^[101]	2013
农户生计视角	洪水	奥卡万戈三角洲	由于依赖于以自然资源为基础的生计活动,农户对自然灾害天生敏感	Motsholapheko M R等^[104]	2015
	泥石流	四川省绵竹市清平乡	灾害使得农民生计财产遭受重大损失、生活方式显著发生变化、持续性的收入受到不良影响	Guo S等^[105]	2014
	自然灾害（飓风）	埃塞俄比亚和洪都拉斯	自然灾害对资产存量和经济增长的长期影响	Carter M R^[106]	2007
	自然灾害	发展中国家和发达国家	发展中国家比发达国家的经济增长更易受自然灾害的影响	Loayza N V等^[107]	2012
	台风	孟加拉国沿海地区	自然灾害影响下水稻种植户面临的收入波动对农户收入和支出行为的影响	Mottaleb K A等^[108]	2013
	飓风	尼加拉瓜	飓风对农村地区家庭生计策略的影响	Berg M van den^[109]	2010

表5

表6

2007—2017年贫困人口的贫困致因、减贫诉求和扶贫模式的相关研究"

作者	年份	研究区域	贫困致因	减贫诉求
左停等^[131]	2009	中国农村	因病致贫和因灾返贫	新的贫困群体（留守人口、流动人口等）的出现导致缓贫需求多样化
庄天慧等^[132]	2011	中国农村	教育水平落后和疾病等	人力资本开发中的科技扶贫是当前农户的首要减贫需求,其次是基础设施中的饮水设施需求和教育医疗住房和相关社会保障需求
Balogun等^[112]	2011	发展中国家农村	交易成本、担保风险和信息不对称	家庭信贷需求
Olaoye O J等^[116]	2011	贫困农村	贫困农民的教育水平和经验	贷款需求
Gbadebo A W等^[115]	2013	贫困农村	家庭规模、农场规模、农场收入等	解决资金匮乏问题
陈骅璋等^[134]	2015	中国安徽省	农民因病致贫	提高抗疾病风险能力
Shuai C M等^[135]	2011	中国		从干预（扶贫）项目中获利
Pritchard M等^[129]	2015	孟加拉国	教育水平落后	改善教育
Cooper D等^[117]	2013	无特定研究区域	收入不平等	增强贫困人口提高收入能力
Fowler C S等^[119]	2014	美国	就业问题	增加就业岗位
Attanasio O等^[125]	2011	哥伦比亚和斯里兰卡	收入不平等	提高收入能力
Cr&#x000e9;pon B等^[126]	2011	摩洛哥	收入不平等	提高收入能力
Mel S de等^[127]	2012	斯里兰卡	收入不平等	提高收入能力
田永霞等^[121]	2015	中国北京山区	生活质量低、区域发展水平落后	提高居民生活质量
帅传敏等^[55]	2017	中国三峡库区	考虑环境污染和地质灾害因素; 脱贫人口与耕地、饮用水、人均纯收入存在关联	协调发展方案均衡增加环境污染治理、水土流失治理和灾害治理投资,兼顾减贫、环保和减灾
Dhamija N等^[118]	2013	印度农村	村级基础设施、家庭规模和构成	减贫战略必须考虑到经济环境的变化
Laurinavi&#x0010d;ius A等^[128]	2013	立陶宛		促进储蓄、投资和资产的建设,使每个人都可能成为资本所有者
Schirle T等^[130]	2013	加拿大		降低老年贫困率
Mbatu R S^[123]	2015	喀麦隆		减少农村贫困、保护森林多样性、减少温室气体排放
李文静等^[57]	2017	中国三峡库区	患病、劳动能力弱和失地	提高农户心理资本和人力资本对农户生计状况影响最大

表6

图2

图3

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生态环境和灾害对贫困影响的研究综述

The impact of eco-environment and disaster factors on poverty: a review

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序号	关键词	频次	序号	关键词	频次
1	Poverty	36	11	India	7
2	Sustainability	17	12	Climate Change	6
3	Environment	16	13	Sustainable Development	6
4	Development	13	14	Social	6
5	Conservation	12	15	Vulnerability	6
6	Resilience	12	16	Policy	6
7	Ecosystem Services	11	17	Fisheries	5
8	Livelihoods	9	18	Ecology	5
9	Governance	7	19	China	5
10	Food Security	7	20	Neighborhood	5

序号	关键词			频次	序号	关键词	频次
1	Disaster(s)	Disaster	34	67	11	Risk	15
2	Disaster(s)	Disasters	33	67	12	Disaster Risk Reduction	14
3	Poverty			61	13	Gender	11
4	Vulnerability			59	14	Livelihoods	11
5	Climate Change			43	15	Sustainable Development	11
6	Natural Disasters			28	16	Food Security	9
7	Resilience			24	17	Developing Countries	9
8	Adaptation			21	18	Mental Health	8
9	Development			18	19	Floods	8
10	Bangladesh			16	20	Natural Hazards	8

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