资源科学 ›› 2018, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (4): 676-.doi: 10.18402/resci.2018.04.03
程欣1,2,3(), 帅传敏1,3(
), 王静1,3, 李文静1,3,4, 刘玥1,3,5
收稿日期:
2016-11-24
修回日期:
2017-09-20
出版日期:
2018-05-02
发布日期:
2018-05-02
作者简介:
作者简介: 程欣,女,湖北京山人,博士生,主要研究方向为环境经济和生态扶贫。E-mail:
基金资助:
Xin CHENG1,2,3(), Chuanmin SHUAI1,3(
), Jing WANG1,3, Wenjing LI1,3,4, Yue LIU1,3,5
Received:
2016-11-24
Revised:
2017-09-20
Online:
2018-05-02
Published:
2018-05-02
摘要:
集中连片特困地区已成为中国扶贫攻坚的主战场,贫困与生态环境、灾害等诸多因素交织在一起,是中国新时期扶贫开发最难啃的硬骨头。本文分别对生态环境与贫困、灾害与贫困的关系进行了分析,探索了贫困人口的减贫诉求和扶贫模式,最后提出了兼顾环保、减灾和减贫的系统性扶贫理论模型和分析框架,以期为中国政府制定系统性减贫策略奠定理论基础。分析发现:① 生态环境与贫困存在复杂关联,关键影响因子包括环境恶化因素、资源因素和多维贫困因素;② 灾害与贫困的关系研究主要关注脆弱性、直接关系和农户生计三个视角;③ 贫困人口的诉求呈现多元化趋势,但扶贫模式却较少综合考虑环境和灾害等因素。因此,在未来研究中:① 生态环境和贫困关系的研究应该更加重视可持续发展问题;② 灾害对贫困的间接影响因素值得关注,贫困农户的脆弱性和灾后修复等问题也不容忽视;③ 应关注创新性扶贫模式开发,积极促进可再生能源与精准扶贫的有机结合;④ 应该综合地考虑生态环境、灾害和贫困关联的关键因素提出系统性减贫策略。
程欣, 帅传敏, 王静, 李文静, 刘玥. 生态环境和灾害对贫困影响的研究综述[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(4): 676-.
Xin CHENG, Chuanmin SHUAI, Jing WANG, Wenjing LI, Yue LIU. The impact of eco-environment and disaster factors on poverty: a review[J]. Resources Science, 2018, 40(4): 676-.
表1
2012—2016年生态环境和贫困关系研究的前20名高频关键词"
序号 | 关键词 | 频次 | 序号 | 关键词 | 频次 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Poverty | 36 | 11 | India | 7 |
2 | Sustainability | 17 | 12 | Climate Change | 6 |
3 | Environment | 16 | 13 | Sustainable Development | 6 |
4 | Development | 13 | 14 | Social | 6 |
5 | Conservation | 12 | 15 | Vulnerability | 6 |
6 | Resilience | 12 | 16 | Policy | 6 |
7 | Ecosystem Services | 11 | 17 | Fisheries | 5 |
8 | Livelihoods | 9 | 18 | Ecology | 5 |
9 | Governance | 7 | 19 | China | 5 |
10 | Food Security | 7 | 20 | Neighborhood | 5 |
表2
2012—2016年生态环境和贫困关系研究的主要关键词共词分析结果"
Poverty | Sustainability | Environment | Development | Conservation | Resilience | Ecosystem Services | Livelihoods | Governance | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poverty | 36 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
Sustainability | 5 | 17 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Environment | 4 | 0 | 16 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Development | 2 | 2 | 1 | 13 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Conservation | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 12 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Resilience | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Ecosystem Services | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 11 | 0 | 0 |
Livelihoods | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 0 |
Governance | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
表3
2012—2016年灾害与贫困的关系研究的前20名高频关键词"
序号 | 关键词 | 频次 | 序号 | 关键词 | 频次 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Disaster(s) | Disaster | 34 | 67 | 11 | Risk | 15 |
2 | Disasters | 33 | 12 | Disaster Risk Reduction | 14 | ||
3 | Poverty | 61 | 13 | Gender | 11 | ||
4 | Vulnerability | 59 | 14 | Livelihoods | 11 | ||
5 | Climate Change | 43 | 15 | Sustainable Development | 11 | ||
6 | Natural Disasters | 28 | 16 | Food Security | 9 | ||
7 | Resilience | 24 | 17 | Developing Countries | 9 | ||
8 | Adaptation | 21 | 18 | Mental Health | 8 | ||
9 | Development | 18 | 19 | Floods | 8 | ||
10 | Bangladesh | 16 | 20 | Natural Hazards | 8 |
表4
2012—2016年灾害与贫困的关系研究主要关键词的共词分析结果"
Disaster(s) | Poverty | Vulnerability | Climate Change | Natural Disasters | Resilience | Adaptation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Disaster(s) | 67 | 17 | 18 | 7 | 0 | 5 | 8 |
Poverty | 17 | 61 | 16 | 6 | 10 | 5 | 3 |
Vulnerability | 18 | 16 | 59 | 15 | 4 | 9 | 11 |
Climate Change | 7 | 6 | 15 | 43 | 6 | 1 | 14 |
Natural Disasters | 0 | 10 | 4 | 6 | 28 | 0 | 0 |
Resilience | 5 | 5 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 24 | 4 |
Adaptation | 8 | 3 | 11 | 14 | 0 | 4 | 21 |
表5
2007—2017年灾害与贫困关系研究的主要研究视角、灾害类型、研究区域和关系分析"
研究视角 | 灾害类型 | 研究区域 | 灾害与贫困的关系 | 主要作者 | 年份 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
脆弱性 角度 | 地震 | 海地 | 社会脆弱性越大的地区越贫困,灾后恢复面临的阻力也越大 | Schmidtlein M C等[ | 2011 |
地震 | 云南省鲁甸县 | 地震灾前的资源环境特点与区域发展特征分析,贫困地区资源依赖程度高 | 樊杰等[ | 2014 | |
地震、火山爆发、山体滑坡、火山泥流和山洪 | 秘鲁阿雷基帕 | 基于教育和贫困程度,失业率和人口密度的脆弱性评价 | Thouret J C[ | 2013 | |
自然灾害 | 禄劝县 | 自然灾害对农户贫困脆弱性的影响 | 张国培等[ | 2010 | |
灾害 | 渝鄂湘黔交界处 149个村 | 灾害与贫困具有重合性和一致性;灾害、脆弱性、可行能力、贫困等要素间具有相对的继替性和循环性 | 张大维等[ | 2011 | |
地震、泥石流、崩塌滑坡、洪涝、干旱等 | 川滇黔接壤地区 | 自然灾害对农村区域影响更加显著 | 刘斌涛等[ | 2014 | |
自然灾害和气候 变化 | 孟加拉国 | 对灾害易发区复合指数和脆弱性指数的数据进行比较 | Toufique K A等 [ | 2014 | |
自然因素 | 宁夏 | 农业依赖程度越高越易引发贫困,灾害脆弱性因子中自然因素对贫困发生率有显著影响 | 姜江等[ | 2012 | |
地震、洪水、干旱、低温、雪、大风和冰雹 | 中国西南、中部、东北、 东部、北部、西部地区 | 灾害风险水平和贫困率、人均GDP之间以及存在的非线性关系 | Zhou Y等[ | 2015 | |
自然灾害 | 中国灾害热点地区 | 家庭成员的教育水平和家庭劳动能力对于降低脆弱性会发挥重要作用 | Ding W等[ | 2014 | |
地质灾害 | 中国三峡库区 | 地质灾害的影响和房屋结构对农户贫困脆弱性有显著的正向影响,而且是主导的影响因素 | Xu D等[ | 2017 | |
直接关 系视角 | 自然灾害(洪水、 干旱) | 墨西哥城 | 一般灾害冲击(尤其是洪水和干旱)将导致人类发展水平的显著下降和贫困水平显著上升 | Rodriguez E等[ | 2013 |
当代洪水和极端 气候变化 | 尼日利亚拉各斯 | 灾害的影响与快速城市化、环境恶化和弱救灾水平有关 | Ajibade I等[ | 2014 | |
干旱 | 美国 | 干旱使整个国家处于自然紧急状态,同时伴有经济衰退,造成了农村的普遍贫困和痛苦 | Walker S P[ | 2014 | |
地震 | 印尼农村 | 地震对个体经济结果的短期、中期和长期影响;并展现了灾后干预对潜在的长期利益的影响 | Gignoux和 Menéndez[ | 2016 | |
风暴、洪水和干旱 | 越南农村 | 灾难对家庭收入和支出存在负面影响 | Arouri M等[ | 2015 | |
气候变化 | 全球 | 气候变化可能会通过大量直接和间接的方式加剧贫困;对经济增长和贫困程度、贫困陷阱的形成都会产生影响 | Leichenko R等[ | 2014 | |
灾害 | 甘肃省 | 不同地理区域灾害频发与贫困之间的耦合关系很强,灾害与贫困易形成恶性循环 | 丁文广等[ | 2013 | |
自然灾害 | 安徽省59个县(市) | 农业自然灾害受灾面积占总播种面积的比重与农村贫困发生率呈负相关关系 | 巩前文等[ | 2007 | |
自然灾害 | 广西西南TL村 | 贫困户各类资产存量普遍较低、脆弱性较高的特征使其在自然灾害打击下更易遭受损失,继而影响其灾后重建和恢复能力 | 胡家琪等[ | 2009 | |
自然灾害 | 越南 | 灾害对家庭收入和支出、贫困和不平等的影响 | Bui A T等[ | 2014 | |
洪水灾害 | 武陵山区 | 构建了适合区域成灾特点的风险评估指标体系 | 殷洁等[ | 2013 | |
农户生 计视角 | 洪水 | 奥卡万戈三角洲 | 由于依赖于以自然资源为基础的生计活动,农户对自然灾害天生敏感 | Motsholapheko M R等[ | 2015 |
泥石流 | 四川省绵竹市清平乡 | 灾害使得农民生计财产遭受重大损失、生活方式显著发生变化、持续性的收入受到不良影响 | Guo S等[ | 2014 | |
自然灾害(飓风) | 埃塞俄比亚和洪都拉斯 | 自然灾害对资产存量和经济增长的长期影响 | Carter M R[ | 2007 | |
自然灾害 | 发展中国家和发达国家 | 发展中国家比发达国家的经济增长更易受自然灾害的影响 | Loayza N V等[ | 2012 | |
台风 | 孟加拉国沿海地区 | 自然灾害影响下水稻种植户面临的收入波动对农户收入和支出行为的影响 | Mottaleb K A等[ | 2013 | |
飓风 | 尼加拉瓜 | 飓风对农村地区家庭生计策略的影响 | Berg M van den[ | 2010 |
表6
2007—2017年贫困人口的贫困致因、减贫诉求和扶贫模式的相关研究"
作者 | 年份 | 研究区域 | 贫困致因 | 减贫诉求 |
---|---|---|---|---|
左停等[ | 2009 | 中国农村 | 因病致贫和因灾返贫 | 新的贫困群体(留守人口、流动人口等)的出现导致缓贫需求多样化 |
庄天慧等[ | 2011 | 中国农村 | 教育水平落后和疾病等 | 人力资本开发中的科技扶贫是当前农户的首要减贫需求,其次是基础设施中的饮水设施需求和教育医疗住房和相关社会保障需求 |
Balogun等[ | 2011 | 发展中国家农村 | 交易成本、担保风险和信息不对称 | 家庭信贷需求 |
Olaoye O J等[ | 2011 | 贫困农村 | 贫困农民的教育水平和经验 | 贷款需求 |
Gbadebo A W等[ | 2013 | 贫困农村 | 家庭规模、农场规模、农场收入等 | 解决资金匮乏问题 |
陈骅璋等[ | 2015 | 中国安徽省 | 农民因病致贫 | 提高抗疾病风险能力 |
Shuai C M等[ | 2011 | 中国 | 从干预(扶贫)项目中获利 | |
Pritchard M等[ | 2015 | 孟加拉国 | 教育水平落后 | 改善教育 |
Cooper D等[ | 2013 | 无特定研究区域 | 收入不平等 | 增强贫困人口提高收入能力 |
Fowler C S等[ | 2014 | 美国 | 就业问题 | 增加就业岗位 |
Attanasio O等[ | 2011 | 哥伦比亚和斯 里兰卡 | 收入不平等 | 提高收入能力 |
Crépon B等[ | 2011 | 摩洛哥 | 收入不平等 | 提高收入能力 |
Mel S de等[ | 2012 | 斯里兰卡 | 收入不平等 | 提高收入能力 |
田永霞等[ | 2015 | 中国北京山区 | 生活质量低、区域发展水平落后 | 提高居民生活质量 |
帅传敏等[ | 2017 | 中国三峡库区 | 考虑环境污染和地质灾害因素; 脱贫人口与耕地、饮用水、人均纯 收入存在关联 | 协调发展方案均衡增加环境污染治理、水土流失治理和灾害治理投资,兼顾减贫、环保和减灾 |
Dhamija N等[ | 2013 | 印度农村 | 村级基础设施、家庭规模和构成 | 减贫战略必须考虑到经济环境的变化 |
Laurinavičius A等[ | 2013 | 立陶宛 | 促进储蓄、投资和资产的建设,使每个人都可能成为资本所有者 | |
Schirle T等[ | 2013 | 加拿大 | 降低老年贫困率 | |
Mbatu R S[ | 2015 | 喀麦隆 | 减少农村贫困、保护森林多样性、减少温室气体排放 | |
李文静等[ | 2017 | 中国三峡库区 | 患病、劳动能力弱和失地 | 提高农户心理资本和人力资本对农户生计状况影响最大 |
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