中国西南喀斯特地区正负地形的提取方法研究

doi:10.18402/resci.2017.10.17

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中国西南喀斯特地区在地貌形态上主要表现为以峰丛为主的正地形和以洼地为主的负地形。近年来,以正地形为主的喀斯特地区石漠化程度日益加剧,对这一地区生态修复的前提是进行合理的正负地形划分。本文以西南喀斯特7个典型地貌类型区为例,基于地表开度、地表曲率和地形起伏度三个地形因子,应用改进的局部方差法和阈值法确定最终的正负地形边界。结果显示,研究区正负地形分界处地表开度最佳阈值介于-2°~-4°之间,正地形比例从42.80%~75.57%不等。最后,选取了三个景观格局因子对正负地形的差异加以描述,并分析了耕地在正负地形中的形态差异。今后不同地形因子组合对地表描述准确程度的定量化研究及形态学方法与边缘检测等计算机自动提取方法的融合将是重点探讨的方向。

关键词: 正负地形, 中国西南喀斯特地区, 地表开度, 地表曲率, 地形起伏度, 阈值分割, 坡耕地

Abstract:

Southwest China has the largest continuous distribution of Karst in the world,which is mainly characterized by a positive terrain of peak-cluster and negative terrain depression. Affected by human production activities,the degree of Karst rocky desertification in positive terrain is now serious. Ecological restoration in these areas must be given high priority,so the division of positive and negative terrain is especially important. In this paper,seven typical terrain areas and three terrain factors including openness,curvature and relief amplitude based on a digital elevation model were selected. Then,average local variance was improved and used to calculate the openness difference binary image through threshold segmentation to obtain a boundary of positive and negative terrain with the reference of other two factors. The results showed that the optimal threshold was between -2 to -4 degrees and the positive terrain proportion was 42.80%~75.57%. To describe the morphological differences in positive and negative terrain,three landscape pattern indices were chosen. Taking the slope gradient distribution of slope land in positive terrain areas as an example,morphological difference was described between positive and negative terrain. In future,two aspects may attract attentions: one is the fusion of different terrain factors on quantifying accuracy of surface description and the other is combination of geomorphic morphological methods and computer automatic extraction,such as edge detection.

Key words: positive and negative terrain, Karst of Southwest China, openness, curvature, relief amplitude, threshold segmentation, slope land

李婧昕, 许尔琪. 中国西南喀斯特地区正负地形的提取方法研究[J]. 资源科学, 2017, 39(10): 1989-1999.

Jingxin LI, Erqi XU. Extraction of positive and negative terrain boundary in Karst region of Southwest China[J]. Resources Science, 2017, 39(10): 1989-1999.

图/表 9

图1

表1

图2

图3

图4

表2

研究区最终阈值选取及地形因子提取结果"

分类	样区编号	最终阈值 / $°$	平均曲率	平均地形起伏度 /m	样区总面积 /亿m²	正地形比例 /%	负地形比例 /%
一类	二区	-3	0.060	104.89	16.72	75.57	24.43
二类	六区	-4	0.005	66.39	45.61	62.64	37.36
二类	五区	-3	0.026	64.16	15.15	61.90	38.10
三类	四区	-2	0.029	52.29	16.66	59.39	40.61
三类	七区	-3	0.040	39.21	24.66	53.99	46.01
三类	三区	-2	0.014	42.66	15.00	52.78	47.22
四类	一区	-3	0.021	71.20	51.73	42.80	57.20

表2

图5

表3

表4

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样区编号	地区	基本地貌类型	平均海拔/m	坐标范围
一区	酉阳土家族苗族自治县	岩溶槽谷	766.33	28°19′40" N -29°24′23"N,108°18′33" E -109°19′0"E
二区	宁南县	岩溶断陷盆地	1 968.13	26°50′13" N -27°18′32"N,102°27′45" E -102°55′1"E
三区	清镇市	岩溶高原	1 280.83	26°23′58" N -26°56′8"N,106°7′10" E -106°32′45"E
四区	黄平县	岩溶高原-槽谷过渡	884.44	26°43′55" N -27°14′24"N,107°35′42" E -108°11′45"E
五区	贞丰县	岩溶峡谷	1 006.22	25°6′44" N -25°43′3"N,105°25′21" E -105°55′18"E
六区	环江毛南族自治县	岩溶高原-峰丛洼地过渡	510.47	24°43′42" N -25°32′25"N,107°49′58" E -108°42′53"E
七区	平果县	岩溶峰丛洼地	335.52	23°12′11" N -23°53′57"N,107°17′55" E -107°52′47"E

样区编号	正地形形态指数	负地形形态指数	正地形破碎度 /（×10^-6）	负地形破碎度 /（×10^-6）	正负地形平均高程差/m
一区	106.71	142.70	1.2	1.0	56.50
二区	41.37	71.93	0.3	2.9	90.22
三区	78.66	83.11	4.1	0.7	24.71
四区	69.80	83.93	2.1	0.8	41.70
五区	61.78	78.74	1.8	1.0	15.28
六区	104.54	134.39	1.5	0.7	57.90
七区	100.16	107.66	3.2	0.6	39.00

样区编号	正地形耕地占正地形比例/%	负地形耕地占负地形比例/%	正地形耕地平均坡度/°	0~6° 耕地占比/%	6º~15° 坡耕地占比/%	15º~25° 坡耕地占比/%	25°以上坡耕地占比/%
一区	34.38	18.27	15.83	9.88	38.02	37.91	14.19
二区	27.02	21.42	19.32	3.90	22.82	41.93	31.35
三区	30.28	33.81	11.48	30.22	47.93	17.95	3.90
四区	27.46	28.93	12.33	15.68	55.03	26.08	3.21
五区	24.11	26.69	14.95	15.36	34.78	34.29	15.56
六区	14.56	17.49	13.55	20.02	40.35	27.40	12.22
七区	22.73	29.30	15.17	31.17	27.93	21.34	19.56