中国社会经济系统资源环境压力的时空差异

doi:10.18402/resci.2017.10.13

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

直接物质投入（DMI）和本地过程排放（DPO）是物质流分析框架中两个重要指标,可以反映一个经济系统的资源环境压力。本文基于经济系统物质流分析方法（EW-MFA,Economy-Wide Material Flow Analysis）核算中国30个省（市）1992年和2014年的人均DMI和人均DPO指标,分析中国社会经济系统资源环境压力的时空变化。结果显示：对比1992年和2014年,各省份的资源环境压力均呈增大趋势,其中黄河中游和西北各省份的资源环境压力增长最快;各省份的资源环境压力差距较大,总体呈现西北高、东南低的分布格局,其中内蒙古、山西、青海、宁夏等西北和黄河中游省份的资源环境压力最大,北京、上海、天津、广东等东部省份的资源环境压力最小,这一分布情况主要由各省份资源禀赋和产业结构差距较大导致;中国各经济区均面临不同程度的资源环境问题,但改变中国资源环境压力大、可持续发展潜力不足的关键在西北和黄河中游以及北部沿海和东部沿海经济区。

关键词: 社会经济系统, 物质流分析, EW-MFA, 资源环境压力, 时空差异, 可持续发展, 中国

Abstract:

Direct material input（DMI）and domestic processed output（DPO）are the two main indicators in the economy-wide material flow analysis（EW-MFA）reflecting resource and environmental pressure in an economic system. To analyze spatial and temporal changes in China’s resource and environmental pressure,we calculated DMI per capita input and DPO per capita for 30 provinces in 1992 and 2014 based on EW-MFA. Results of this study show that resource and environmental pressures in these provinces have increased during the past 23 years. The northwest and middle reaches of Yellow River regions have the highest growth rate in resource and environmental pressure. These provinces have very large differences in resource and environmental pressure,which is obviously high in the northwest and low in the southeast. The northwest and middle reaches of Yellow River regions,such as Inner Mongolia,Shanxi,Qinghai and Ningxia have the highest resource and environmental pressure. Eastern areas such as Beijing,Shanghai,Tianjin and Guangdong,have the lowest resource and environmental pressure. This distribution is caused by large gaps in the resource endowment and industrial structure among provinces. Different regions in China have different resource and environmental problems. However,the northwest and middle reaches of Yellow River regions,and the northern and eastern coastal regions need to be improved to reduce high resource and environmental pressure and to realize sustainable development across China.

Key words: socioeconomic system, material flow analysis, EW-MFA, resource and environmental pressure, spatio-temporal variation analysis, sustainable development, China

戴铁军, 王婉君, 刘瑞. 中国社会经济系统资源环境压力的时空差异[J]. 资源科学, 2017, 39(10): 1942-1955.

Tiejun DAI, Wanjun WANG, Rui LIU. Spatio-temporal variation of resource and environmental pressure in China[J]. Resources Science, 2017, 39(10): 1942-1955.

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指标	含义
本地开采（DE）	由本地开采并进入经济系统的物质,包括生物质、化石燃料、金属和非金属。
调入	由外地输送到本地的原材料、半成品和成品。
直接物质投入（DMI）	进入经济系统的物质总量,DMI=DE+调入。
本地过程排放（DPO）	经过生产和消费过程后排放到环境中的废弃物,包括大气排放物、水体排放物、固体废弃物和耗散性物质。
调出	由本地输送到外地的原材料、成品和半成品。
实物贸易平衡（PTB）	经济系统的实物贸易盈余或赤字,PTB=调入-调出。
资源产出率	指消耗单位资源所创造的GDP,资源产出率=GDP/DMI

一级	二级	三级	数据来源	估算方法
本地开采	生物质	农作物	《中国农业年鉴（1993-2015）》^[33]	无
		木材、竹材	《中国林业年鉴（1993-2015）》^[34]	无
		水产品	《中国农业年鉴（1993-2015）》^[33]	无
		已使用的农作物残余	《中国农业年鉴（1993-2015）》^[33]	估算,估算方法见参考文献[35]
		饲料作物和放牧生物	《中国农业年鉴（1993-2015）》^[33]	估算,估算方法见参考文献[35]
	化石燃料	原煤、原油、天然气	《中国能源统计年鉴（1991-2015）》^[36]	无
	金属	黑色金属、有色金属等	《中国矿业年鉴》^[37]和各省份矿产资料	无
	非金属	冶金辅助材料类、化工原料类、黏土类,建筑类等	《中国矿业年鉴》^[37]和各省份矿产资料	无
	非金属	混凝土用砂石	《中国统计年鉴（1993-2015）》^[38]	估算,估算方法见参考文献[39]
本地过程排放	水体排放物	有机物、总氮、总磷、氨氮、石油类、挥发酚、重金属和氰化物	《中国环境年鉴（1993-2015）》^[40]	无
	大气排放物	SO₂、工业烟粉尘	《中国环境年鉴（1993-2015）》^[40]	无
	大气排放物	CO₂	《中国能源统计年鉴（1991-2015）》^[36]	估算,估算方法见参考文献*
	固体废弃物	工业固废	《中国环境年鉴（1993-2015）》^[40]	无
		生活垃圾	《中国统计年鉴（1993-2015）》^[38]	估算,估算方法见参考文献[41,42]
		建筑垃圾	《中国统计年鉴（1993-2015）》^[38]	估算,估算方法见参考文献[43-45]
	耗散性物质	农药、农用化肥、农用薄膜	《中国农业年鉴（1993-2015）》^[33]	无
	耗散性物质	有机肥	《中国农业年鉴（1993-2015）》^[33]	估算,估算方法见参考文献[32]