承包农户耕地转出潜力及空间组织经营模式——基于农户生计资本视角

doi:10.18402/resci.2017.08.05

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

承包农户的生计资本状况决定了农户对土地特别是耕地的依赖程度,准确测算农户耕地流转潜力并对其合理有序流转,有利于为培育新型农业经营主体、三产深度融合提供土地基础生产资料。本文以重庆市合川区凤寺村为例,运用可持续生计量化方法测度农户五种生计资本,进而测算耕地转出潜力及其空间分异规律,构建农业空间组织经营模式。研究结果显示：①不同生计资本对凤寺村农户耕地转出潜力的贡献差异显著,人力资本、金融资本与社会资本对耕地转出起正向作用,自然资本与物质资本对耕地转出起负向作用;②凤寺村村域耕地转出潜力为82.45hm²,占村域耕地总规模的28.11%,呈现东南部向西北部逐渐递减的空间分异趋势;③将凤寺村耕地划分为流转先行区、次行区、末行区三大区域,构建了集生产、加工、销售、服务一体的农业企业带动型（先行区）,家庭农场、专业大户辐射型（次行区）,农民合作社链接型（末行区）的农业空间组织经营模式。

关键词: 农户生计资本, 耕地转出潜力, 耕地有序流转, 空间组织经营模式, 凤寺村

Abstract:

The livelihood capital standard of contracted households determines their dependence on land,especially cultivated land. Accurately calculating cultivated land transfer-out potential of these households and ordered circulation schemes helps provide a basic means of production of land for developing new types of agricultural management subjects and deepening industrial convergence. Here,we take Fengsi Village in Hechuan district,Chongqing as a case study and use sustainable livelihood quantification to measure the livelihood capital of households,calculate cultivated land transfer-out potential,document understand spatial differentiation,and design differentiated scale management patterns for the agricultural industry of the village. We found significant differences in the contribution of different livelihood capital to land transfer-out potential,among which human capital,financial capital and social capital play positive roles and natural capital and physical capital play negative roles. The whole village’s cultivated land transfer-out potential is 82.45hm² （accounting for 28.11% of the total cultivated land of the village area）,representing a gradual decrease from southeast to the northwest and dividing the village into three cultivated land transfer districts. Specifically,the advance area will be built as an agricultural enterprise drive type integrating production,processing,sales and the service function all-in-one;the secondary area will be built as a family farm and specialized household radial type;and the last stage area will be built as a cooperative link type.

Key words: household livelihood capital, transfer-out potential, orderly transfer, spatial organization pattern of agricultural management, Fengsi Village

彭清, 王成, 邓春. 承包农户耕地转出潜力及空间组织经营模式——基于农户生计资本视角[J]. 资源科学, 2017, 39(8): 1477-1487.

Qing PENG, Cheng WANG, Chun DENG. Potential land transfer-out contracted households,the spatial organization of agricultural management and livelihood capital[J]. Resources Science, 2017, 39(8): 1477-1487.

图/表 6

图1

表1

研究区农户生计资本评价指标体系及权重值"

资本类型	测量指标	权重	指标内涵
人力资本 H	家庭整体劳动能力H₁	0.037 5	≤10岁、残疾人、长期患病者=0.00;10~18岁=0.25;>70岁=0.50;50~70岁=0.75;18~50岁=1.00
	家庭受教育程度H₂	0.112 5	文盲=0.00;小学文凭=0.25;初中文凭=0.50;高中或中专文凭=0.75;大学及以上文凭=1.00
	家庭成员拥有的职业技能H₃	0.075 0	有职业技能=1.00,无职业技能=0.00
自然资本	粮食作物种植面积N₁	0.085 7	水稻和玉米
N	经济作物种植面积N₂	0.064 3	蔬菜和花椒
物质资本 P	住房P₁	0.078 2	住房类型（混凝土房赋值1.00;砖瓦房0.75;砖木房0.50;土木房0.25;草房0.00）与住房面积（五间1.00;四间0.75;三间0.50;两间0.25;一间0.00）之和
	生产性工具P₂	0.020 4	农户拥有的生产性工具选项数,包括农机车、农用三轮车、打谷机等8项
	耐用消费品P₃	0.039 8	农户拥有的耐用消费品选项数,包括空调、电冰箱、洗衣机等12项
	禽畜数量P₄	0.061 6	一头牛或=1.00,一头猪=0.50,一只鸡或鸭=0.25
金融资本 F	工资性收入F₁	0.075 0	依靠出卖自己的劳动而获得的收入,研究区主要为打工收入和农业企业、种植大户聘请零时工收入。≤1万元=0.00,1万~2万元=0.25,2万~3万元=0.50,3万~4万元=0.75,>4万元=1.00
	经营性收入F₂	0.049 6	以家庭为生产经营单位进行生产筹划和管理而获得的收入。研究区主要包括经营餐馆、商店等收入。≤1万元=0.00,1万~2万元=0.25,2万~3万元=0.50,3万~4万元=0.75,>4万元=1.00
	财产性收入F₃	0.025 0	通过资本、技术和管理等要素参与社会生产、生活活动所产生的收入,研究区主要指流转、租赁承包地所获得的收入。≤1 000元=0.00,1 000~1 500元=0.25,1 500~2 000元=0.50, 2 000 ~2 500元=0.75,>2 500元=1.00
	家庭年均纯收入F₄	0.099 5	近5年扣除支出部分的家庭年均纯收益,≤1万元=0.00,1万~2万元=0.25,2万~3万元=0.50,3万~4万元=0.75,>4万元=1.00
社会资本	亲戚在城镇居住的户数S₁	0.087 5	按户数分别赋值,5户及以下、5~10户、10~15户、15户以上分别赋值为0.25、0.50、0.75、1.00
S	村内交往的户数S₂	0.029 2	按5户及以下、5~10户、10~15户、15户以上分别赋值0.25、0.50、0.75、1.00
	社会保障程度S₃	0.058 3	农户拥有保障类型选项数,包括养老保险、新型农村合作医疗、农村最低生活保障等7项

表1

表2

表3

图2

图3

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解释变量	回归系数（B）	标准误差（S.E）	Wald 统计量	Odds Ratio
自然资本	-0.544	0.112	23.592	0.580
人力资本	0.325	0.103	9.956	1.384
物质资本	-0.109	0.145	0.565	0.897
金融资本	0.265	0.132	4.030	1.303
社会资本	0.089	0.114	0.609	1.093

转出潜力规模/hm²	0.00	0.00~0.05	0.05~0.10	0.10~0.15	0.15~0.20	0.20~0.25	0.25~0.30	>0.30
户数/户	161	457	203	79	58	50	29	22
村域耕地总规模/hm²	293.36
转出潜力总规模/hm²	82.45
转出潜力均值/hm²	0.08