畜禽养殖废弃物资源化的纵向关系选择研究——基于北京市养殖场户视角

doi:10.18402/resci.2017.07.11

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

除技术选择外,养殖场户畜禽养殖废弃物资源化纵向关系的选择对资源化治理效率的提高同样具有重要意义。根据2015年北京郊区养殖场户的调查数据,运用多变量Probit模型对养殖场户畜禽粪便资源化纵向关系选择的影响因素和相互关系进行实证分析。主要结论有：①多数养殖场户能通过不同纵向关系实现畜禽粪便资源化;②养殖场户在赠予与销售给周边种植户之间、赠予给周边种植户与销售给粪污经销商之间、销售给周边种植户与销售给粪污经销商之间的选择行为均具有显著替代效应;③养殖场户选择不同纵向关系的主要影响因素有是否从事种植业生产、周边种植户施用粪肥积极性、距农田距离、是否参加养殖废弃物治理培训、是否接受养殖废弃物治理补贴、对政策的感知、无害化处理设施配备等级等;④经济效益直接影响养殖场户的纵向关系选择,自家还田的经济成本最低、生态效益实现最快,废弃物排放数量与质量是制约生态效益的重要因素。据此提出相关政策建议。

关键词: 畜禽养殖污染, 资源化, 相关利益主体, 纵向关系, 多变量

Abstract:

In addition to technology selection,the vertical relationship for livestock and poultry breeding waste recycling has important to improving the efficiency of recycling governance. Here,we analyzed factors and mutual relationships of famers choosing different vertical relationships,based on a dataset of farmers in Beijing in 2015 and multivariate probit model. We found that most of the surveyed farmers realize livestock and poultry waste recycling by different organizational modes. Farmers' choosing behavior has a substitution effect between gifting and selling to surrounding growers,between gifting to surrounding growers and selling to waste dealers,and between selling to surrounding growers and selling to waste dealers. The main factors that influences farmers choosing different vertical relationships include whether they are engaged in plant production,enthusiasm for surrounding growers using manure,distance from farmland,whether to participate in breeding waste management training,whether to accept breeding waste management subsidies,policy perception and levels of disposal facilities. Economic benefits have a direct influence on the vertical relationship of households,and returning own farmland cost the least and resulted in the fastest benefits economically and ecologically. However, waste quantity and quality are important factors restricting the ecological benefits. We discuss relevant policy considerations in light of these data.

Key words: livestock and poultry breeding pollution, recycling, relevant stakeholders, vertical relationship, multivariate probit model

舒畅, 乔娟, 耿宁. 畜禽养殖废弃物资源化的纵向关系选择研究——基于北京市养殖场户视角[J]. 资源科学, 2017, 39(7): 1338-1348.

Chang SHU, Juan QIAO, Ning GENG. The vertical relationship selection of livestock and poultry breeding waste recycling based on the perspective of farmers in Beijing[J]. Resources Science, 2017, 39(7): 1338-1348.

图/表 4

图1

表1

表2

表3

多变量 Probit模型估计结果"

自变量因变量	自家还田Y1	赠予给周边种植户Y2	销售给周边种植户Y3	销售给粪污经销商Y4
自变量因变量	估计系数（Z值）	估计系数（Z值）	估计系数（Z值）	估计系数（Z值）
养殖场户负责人个人特征
年龄（X1）/岁	-0.022 (-1.39)	-0.011 (-0.96)	0.005 (0.41)	-0.036** (-2.29)
文化程度（X2）	0.256 (1.50)	0.035 (0.27)	0.087 (0.68)	-0.018 (-0.12)
加入农民专业合作社（X3）	0.542** (2.05)	-0.098 (-0.55)	0.042 (0.23)	-0.188 (-0.85)
养殖废弃物治理培训（X4）	0.789*** (2.97)	-0.325* (-1.73)	-0.049 (-0.26)	-0.287 (-1.29)
养殖场户负责人感知特征
经济收入感知（X5）	0.015 (0.16)	-0.127* (-1.77)	-0.000 96 (-0.01)	0.103 (1.19)
政策感知（X6）	-0.451* (-1.76)	0.470** (2.52)	-0.012 (-0.06)	-0.324 (-1.46)
监管力度感知（X7）	-0.120 (-1.04)	-0.169** (-1.99)	0.084 (0.96)	-0.129 (-1.35)
养殖场户生产经营特征
养殖年限（X8）	0.031* (1.69)	-0.016 (-1.20)	-0.016 (-1.23)	0.049*** (3.00)
养殖收入占家庭总收入比重（X9）	-0.645 (-1.57)	-0.060 (-0.20)	0.220 (0.71)	-0.235 (-0.64)
养殖规模（年出栏）（X10）	-0.000 18** (-2.17)	0.000 06 (1.19)	-0.000 08 (-1.58)	-0.000 02 (-0.25)
养殖场户员工数（X11）	0.046 (1.03)	-0.039 (-1.16)	0.069** (2.06)	-0.026 (-0.62)
从事种植业生产（X12）	2.966***(10.34)	-0.445***(-2.62)	-0.634*** (-3.70)	-0.582***(-2.77)
畜禽粪污无害化处理设施等级（X13）	0.332*** (2.85)	0.069 (0.86)	0.110 (1.33)	0.043 (0.43)
养殖场户自然环境特征
距周边农田距离（X14）	-0.000 04 (-0.42)	-0.000 09 (-1.12)	0.000 16** (2.12)	0.000 10* (1.69)
养殖场户社会环境特征
获得养殖废弃物治理补贴（X15）	-0.385 (-1.22)	0.420* (1.86)	-0.079 (-0.35)	0.207 (0.69)
周边种植户施用粪肥积极性（X16）	-0.118 (-0.97)	0.028 (0.33)	0.242*** (2.66)	-0.196** (-2.08)
系数	-0.830 (-0.64)	1.443 (1.54)	-2.215** (-2.36)	1.634 (1.47)
Wald chi ²(64)=217.59 Prob >chi ²= 0.000 0
legend：* p<0.1;p<0.05;*p<0.01

表3

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变量定义	变量取值	均值	标准差	预期影响方向
变量定义	变量取值	均值	标准差	Y1	Y2	Y3	Y4
因变量
自家还田（Y1）	Y1=1,其他=0	0.53	0.50	-	-	-	-
赠予给周边种植户(Y2)	Y2=1,其他=0	0.37	0.48	-	-	-	-
销售给周边种植户(Y3)	Y3=1,其他=0	0.36	0.48	-	-	-	-
销售给粪污经销商(Y4)	Y4=1,其他=0	0.16	0.37	-	-	-	-
自变量
养殖场户负责人个人特征
年龄（X1）/岁		50.32	8.27	-	+	+	+
文化程度（X2）	小学及以下=1,初中=2,中专/高中=3,大专=4,本科及以上=5	2.44	0.76	+	+	+	+
加入农民专业合作社（X3）	加入=1,没加入=0	0.37	0.48	+	+	+	+
养殖废弃物治理培训（X4）	参加=1;没参加=0	0.52	0.50	+	?	?	?
养殖场户负责人感知特征
经济收入感知（X5）	很不认同=1,不太认同=2,一般=3,比较认同=4,非常认同=5	3.88	1.19	+	-	+	+
政策感知（X6）	是=1,否=0	0.58	0.49	?	?	?	?
监管力度感知（X7）	非常松=1,较松=2,一般=3,较严厉=4,非常严厉=5	3.90	1.06	?	?	?	?
养殖场户生产经营特征
养殖年限（X8）/年		14.47	6.93	?	?	?	?
养殖收入占家庭总收入比重（X9）/%		78	28	-	+	+	+
养殖规模（年出栏）（X10）/头		1 527.26	2 507.58	-	+	+	+
养殖场户员工数（X11）/人		5	5	+	-	-	-
从事种植业生产（X12）	是=1,否=0	0.49	0.50	+	-	-	-
畜禽粪污无害化处理设施等级（X13）	无设施=1,化粪池或污水池=2,三级沉淀=3,三级曝气=4,沼气发酵=5	2.48	1.29	+	+	+	+
养殖场户自然环境特征
距周边农田距离（X14）/m		511.54	1 305.70	-	-	+	+
养殖场户社会环境特征
获得养殖废弃物治理补贴（X15）	是=1,否=0	0.30	0.46	+	+	+	+
周边种植户施用粪肥积极性（X16）	非常低=1,比较低=2,一般=3,比较高 =4,非常高=5	3.84	1.05	-	+	+	-

	自家还田	赠予给周边种植户	销售给周边种植户	销售给粪污经销商
赠予给周边种植户	-0.15 （-1.28）	-	-	-
销售给周边种植户	-0.08 （-0.67）	-0.37***（-3.54）	-	-
销售给粪污经销商	-0.16 （-1.16）	-0.30** （-2.40）	-0.36***（-2.86）	-
Likelihood ratio test of rho₂₁=rho₃₁= rho₄₁=rho₃₂=rho₄₂= rho₄₃=0
chi ²(6)= 47.34 Prob>chi ²= 0.000 0
legend：* p<.1;p<.05;* p<.01