不同农地流转模式对农业生产效率的影响分析——以江苏省四县为例

doi:10.18402/resci.2017.04.05

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

农地流转按照组织主体的差异可以划分为村集体组织和农户自发流转两种模式,比较分析两种流转模式对农户农业生产效率的影响差异,对于指导中国农地流转模式选择具有重要意义。本文基于江苏省四个县的农户调研数据,实证考察了村集体组织和农户自发两种类型农地流转对农户土地、劳动力和全要素生产效率的影响差异。研究表明,相对于自发流转的农户和未流转农户,村集体组织农地流转显著提高了农户土地、劳动力、全要素等农业生产效率;村集体组织农地流转在农地经营规模、合约稳定性和种植业结构调整等方面表现出明显的优势,更有利于提高农户农业生产效率。计量研究发现,村集体组织下农户种植高效经济作物和农业生产人力资本投资的比例明显较高,成为提高转入户农业生产效率的主要作用机制。然而,本文并未证实农地自发流转对农户农业生产效率的显著影响,可能原因是自发流转的小规模和较短的流转期限不利于农户规模经营和长期生产投资,因而降低了农业生产绩效。政策启示是,要有效地发挥村集体对农户土地流转和规模经营的引导作用,通过优化转入户土地流转规模、农业生产投资和种植业结构以最大化农户农业生产效率。

关键词: 村集体组织农地流转, 农户自发农地流转, 土地生产效率, 劳动力生产效率, 全要素生产效率, 江苏省

Abstract:

Land transfer can be classified into farmland transfer organized by village collectives and farmland transfer organized by farmer themselves according to the organization form. It has significant policy implications to understand the effect of different types of land transfer on household agricultural productivity. Here we look at the impact of household land,labor single-factor productivity and total factor productivity for farmland transfer organized by village collectives and farmland transfer organized by farmers based on household survey data from four counties in Jiangsu. We found that compared with farmland transfer organized by farmers,farmland transfer organized by village collectives significantly improved agricultural productivity for those renting in land,including land and labor single-factor productivity as well as total factor productivity. Farmland transfer organized by village collectives has apparent advantages in realizing farmers land scale management,land transfer contract stability and farmland cropping structure,beneficial for household agricultural productivity. We found that the main mechanism that village collective land transfer improved household agricultural productivity was via improved higher value cash crop planting percentages and agricultural human capital investment for farmers renting land. We did not find a significant impact of farmland transfer organized by farmers on household agricultural productivity. Reasons may include that farmland transfer organized by farmer themselves is of a small scale and short transfer term,which cannot make farmers realize land scale management and stimulus farmers' long-term agricultural investment,negatively affecting farmers’ agricultural production performance. The coordinating role of village collectives should continue in land transfer and scale management. Rational land transfer scale and land management should be guided by local governments to realize scale economic effects,promote agricultural investment,improve cropping structural adjustment,and maximize agricultural production.

Key words: farmland transfer organized by village collectives, farmland transfer organized by farmer themselves, land productivity, labor productivity, total factor productivity, Jiangsu Province

张建, 诸培新. 不同农地流转模式对农业生产效率的影响分析——以江苏省四县为例[J]. 资源科学, 2017, 39(4): 629-640.

Jian ZHANG, Peixin ZHU. The effect of different farmland transfer patterns on household agricultural productivity based on surveys of four counties in Jiangsu Province[J]. Resources Science, 2017, 39(4): 629-640.

图/表 5

表1

表2

表3

表4

表5

全要素生产率影响因素估计结果"

农业生产函数模型			全要素生产效率模型
控制变量	B	S.E.	控制变量	B	S.E.
土地要素投入	0.430***	0.038	农户自发转入	0.094	0.077
劳动力要素投入	0.047***	0.016	村集体组织转入	0.146*	0.113
资本要素投入	0.528***	0.037	农业技术培训	0.068	0.046
$RTS = β A + β L + β K$	1.005		自发流转×技术培训	0.067	0.065
$β A *$	0.428		集体流转×技术培训	0.137*	0.074
$β L *$	0.046		经济作物	0.127*	0.076
$β K *$	0.525		自发流转×经济作物	0.037	0.094
			集体流转×经济作物	0.418***	0.100
			农业生产长期投资	-0.077	0.274
			自发流转×长期投资	0.203	0.279
			集体流转×长期投资	-0.021	0.280
			非农业收入比重	-0.091***	0.022
观测量	632		观测量	632
F统计量	3 069.48***		F统计量	10.870***
调整R²	0.936		调整R²	0.191

表5

参考文献 32

[1]	Deininger K,Jin S.The potential of land rental markets in the process of economic development:Evidence from China[J]. Journal of Development Economics,2005,78(1):241-270.
[2]	Carter M R,Yao Y.Local versus global separability in agricultural household models:The factor price equalization effect of land transfer rights[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics,2002,84(3):702-715.
[3]	Feng S,Heerink N,Ruben R,et al. Land rental market,off-farm employment and agricultural production in Southeast China:A plot-level case study[J]. China Economic Review,2010,21(4):598-606.
[4]	北京天则经济研究所《中国土地问题》课题组,张曙光. 土地流转与农业现代化[J]. 管理世界,2010,(7):66-85.
	[Research group of “China’s land problems”in Unirule Institute of Eco-nomics,Zhang S G. Land transfer and agricultural modernization[J]. Management World,2010,(7):66-85.]
[5]	张正河. 承包权流转不会一蹴而就[J]. 中国土地,2009,(2):23-26.
	[Zhang Z H.Contractual rights transfer will not come overnight[J]. China Land,2009,(2):23-26.]
[6]	叶剑平,丰雷,蒋妍,等. 2008年中国农村土地使用权调查研究-17省份调查结果及政策建议[J]. 管理世界,2010,196(1):64-73.
	[Ye J P,Feng L,Jiang Y,et al. China’s land use rights investigation:Results and policy suggestions based on survey in 17 Provinces[J]. Management World,2010,196(1):64-73.]
[7]	高宏伟,靳共元. 新时期农村土地流转模式比较研究[J]. 生态经济,2012,(4):91-94.
	[Gao H W,Jin G Y.The comparative study analysis of countryside land circulation pattern in new time[J]. Ecological Economics,2012,(4):91-94.]
[8]	田传浩,陈宏辉,贾生华. 农地市场对耕地零碎化的影响-理论与来自苏浙鲁的经验[J]. 经济学(季刊),2005,(2):769-784.
	[Tian C H,Chen H H,Jia S H.The effects of the rental market on land fragmentation:Theory and evidence from three Provinces[J]. China Economic Quarterly,2005,(2):769-784.]
[9]	钟甫宁,王兴稳. 现阶段农地流转市场能减轻土地细碎化程度吗?来自江苏兴化和黑龙江宾县的初步证据[J]. 农业经济问题,2010,31(1):23-32.
	[Zhong F N,Wang X W.Can land transfer markets reduce land fragmentation:Evidence from Xinghua city of Jiangsu Province and Bin county of Heilongjiang Province[J]. Issues in Agricultural Economy,2010,31(1):23-32.]
[10]	陈姝洁,马贤磊,陆凤平,等. 中介组织作用对农户农地流转决策的影响-基于经济发达地区的实证研究[J]. 中国土地科学,2015,(11):48-55.
	[Chen S J,Ma X L,Lu F P,et al. A study on the intermediary organization factors of farmland transfer:Based on a survey in developed areas[J]. China Land Sciences,2015,(11):48-55.]
[11]	Lewis W A.Economic development with unlimited supplies of labor[J]. The Manchester School,1954,22(2):139-191.
[12]	Zhang Q F.Retreat from equality or advance towards efficiency? Land markets and inequality in rural Zhejiang[J]. The China Quarterly,2008,195:535-557.
[13]	曲福田,土地经济学[M]. 北京:中国农业出版社,2011.
	[Qu F T.Land Economics[M]. Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2011.]
[14]	诸培新,张建,张志林. 农地流转对农户收入影响研究-对政府主导与农户主导型农地流转的比较分析[J]. 中国土地科学,2015,(11):70-77.
	[Zhu P X,Zhang J,Zhang Z L.Research on the impact of farmland transfer on household income:A com-parative analysis between farmland transfer controlled by government and farmers[J]. China Land Sciences,2015,(11):70-77.]
[15]	Zhang Q F,Ma Q G,Xu X,et al. Development of land rental markets in rural Zhejiang:Growth of off-farm jobs and institution building[J]. The China Quarterly,2004,180(1):1031-1049.
[16]	杨钢桥,靳艳艳. 农地流转对农户农地投入影响的区域比较-基于江汉平原和太湖平原的实证分析[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境,2010,20(10):164-168.
	[Yang G Q,Jin Y Y.Comparison of the impacts of farmland transfer on rural households' inputs in farmland:Based on the empirical study of Jianghan Plain and Taihu Lake Plain[J]. China Population,Resources and Environment,2010,20(10):164-168.]
[17]	Jacoby H G,Li G,Scott R.Hazards of expropriation:Tenure insecurity and investment in rural China[J]. American Economic Review,2002,92(5):1420-1447.
[18]	俞海,黄季焜,Scott R,等. 地权稳定性、土地流转与农地资源持续利用[J]. 经济研究,2003,(9):82-91.
	[Yu H,Huang J K,Scott R,et al. Use rights security,land transfer and resource degradation[J]. Economic Research Journal,2003,(9):82-91.]
[19]	王春超. 农村土地流转、劳动力资源配置与农民收入增长:基于中国17省份农户调查的实证研究[J]. 农业技术经济,2011,(1):95-103.
	[Wang C C.Rural land transfer,labor resource allocation and household income increase:Empirical research from 17 Province household survey in China[J]. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2011,(1):95-103.]
[20]	许庆,章元. 土地调整、地权稳定性与农民长期投资激励[J]. 经济研究,2005 ,(10):59-69.
	[Xu Q,Zhang Y.Land reallocation,tenure security and long-term investment incentive in China’s Agricultural Production[J]. Economic Research Journal,2005,(10):59-69.]
[21]	Wu Z P,Liu M Q,John D.Land consolidation and productivity in Chinese household crop production[J]. China Economic Review,2005,16(1):28-49.
[22]	常向阳,韩园园. 农业技术扩散动力及渠道运行对农业生产效率的影响研究-以河南省小麦种植区为例[J]. 中国农村观察,2014,(4):63-70.
	[Chang X Y,Han Y Y.A research about effects of agricultural technology diffusion power and channel operation on farmers’ production efficiency-based on the data of Henan wheat planting area[J]. Chinese Rural Economy,2014,(4):63-70.]
[23]	薛庆根,王全忠,朱晓莉,等. 劳动力外出、收入增长与种植业结构调整-基于江苏省农户调查数据的分析[J]. 南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2014,(6):34-41.
	[Xue Q G,Wang Q Z,Zhu X L,et al. Migration revenue growth& crop structure adjustment:Based on farmers household survey data of Jiangsu Province[J]. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University (Social Sciences Edition),2014,(6):34-41.]
[24]	李婷,刘建平. 农业结构调整中农民有效参与分析-基于集体行为的视角[J]. 农村经济,2011,(11):122-125.
	[Li T,Liu J P.Analysis of farmers' effective participation in adjustment of agricultural structure:From the perceptive of collective action[J]. Rural Economy,2011,(11):122-125. ]
[25]	石晓平,郎海如. 农地经营规模与农业生产率研究综述[J]. 南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2013,(2):76-84.
	[Shi X P,Lang H R.Literature review on the issue of relationship between farm size and agricultural productivity[J]. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University (Social Sciences Edition),2013,(2):76-84.]
[26]	李谷成,冯中朝,范丽霞. 小农户真的更加具有效率吗?来自湖北省的经验证据[J]. 经济学(季刊),2010,9(1):95-124.
	[Li G C,Feng Z C,Fan L X.Is the small-sized rural household more efficient? The empirical evidence from Hubei Province[J]. China Economic Quarterly,2010,9(1):95-124.]
[27]	戚焦耳,郭贯成,陈永生. 农地流转对农业生产效率的影响研究-基于DEA-Tobit模型的分析[J]. 资源科学,2015,37(9):1816-1824.
	[Qi J E,Guo G C,Chen Y S.The impact of farmland transfer on agricultural production efficiency based on the DEA-Tobit model[J]. Resources Science,2015,37(9):1816-1824. ]
[28]	Noltze M,Schwarze S,Qaim M.Impacts of natural resource management technologies on agricultural yield and household income:The system of rice intensification in Timor Leste[J]. Ecological Economics,2013,85(2):59-68.
[29]	Shi X P.Away from the Farm? the Impact of Off-Farm Employment on Farm Production,Factor Market Development and the Sustainable Land Use in Jiangxi Province,PR China[D]. Rotterdam:International Institute of Social Studies of Erasmus University (ISS),2007.
[30]	王景新,刘福海. 农村土地制度改革不能损害农民利益[J]. 中国乡村发现,2007,(1):124-129.
	[Wang J X,Liu F H.Reform of rural land institution cannot damage the interests of farmers[J]. Found in Rural China,2007,(1):124-129.]
[31]	田先红,陈玲. “阶层地权”:农村地权配置的一个分析框架[J]. 管理世界,2013,(9):69-88.
	[Tian X H,Chen L.“Class of landownership”:An analysis framework of the rural land property configuration[J]. Management World,2013,(9):69-88.]
[32]	陆道平,钟伟军. 农村土地流转中的地方政府与农民的互动机制研究[M]. 北京:清华大学出版社,2012.
	[Lu D P,Zhong W J.Interaction between Local Governments and Farmers in Rural Land Circulation Mechanism[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2012.]

农地流转类型	样本数	农地转入面积 /hm²	农地经营面积 /hm²	单位面积农地净收益 /（元/hm²）
农户自发土地流转	189	1.50	1.80	30 414
集体组织土地流转	96	7.20***	7.52***	42 749***

农地流转类型	样本数	签订书面合同比例/%	农地流转期限 /年	农业长期投资的比例/%	农业技术培训的比例/%	经济作物种植比例/%
农户自发土地流转	189	14.30	2.00	24.30	23.28	16.40
集体组织土地流转	96	93.75***	5.8***	57.30***	40.63***	31.25***

	定义	平均值	标准差
因变量
种植业总收益	粮食作物和经济作物总价值/元	74 385.930	176 331.000
土地生产效率	种植业总收益/农地经营面积/（元/hm²）	205.503	150.146
劳动力生产效率	种植业总收益/劳动力总用工/（元/工）	423.030	711.440
全要素生产效率	计算值	63.380	39.430
自变量
土地要素投入	农业生产投入的农地面积/ hm²	1.997	4.856
劳动力要素投入	农业生产自家用工加雇佣劳动力/工	264.720	654.431
资本要素投入	农业生产投入的物质费用/元	32 210.120	92 636.180
农户自发转入	1=农户自发转入户;0=其他	0.300	0.458
集体组织转入	1=集体组织转入户;0=其他	0.150	0.359
农业技术培训	家庭成员是否接受农业技术培训/（1=是;0=否）	0.200	0.402
自发流转×技术培训	农户自发转入和农业技术培训的交叉项	0.070	0.255
集体流转×技术培训	集体组织转入和农业技术培训的交叉项	0.060	0.241
是否种植经济作物	1=是;0=否	0.120	0.324
自发流转×经济作物	农户自发转入和是否种植经济作物的交叉项	0.050	0.216
集体流转×经济作物	集体组织转入和是否种植经济作物的交叉项	0.050	0.213
农业生产长期投资	1=进行长期投资;0=未进行长期投资	0.160	0.369
自发流转×长期投资	农户自发转入和农业生产长期投资的交叉项	0.070	0.259
集体流转×长期投资	集体组织转入和农业生产长期投资的交叉项	0.090	0.282
非农业收入比重	非农业总收入占家庭总收入比重/%	0.600	0.504
地区虚拟变量
金湖县	1=金湖县;0=其他	0.440	0.496
泗洪县	1=泗洪县;0=其他	0.250	0.432
宝应县样本量	1=宝应县;0=其他	0.230	0.421
宝应县样本量	632

	土地生产效率模型一		土地生产效率模型二		劳动力生产效率模型三		劳动力生产效率模型四
	B	S.E.	B	S.E.	B	S.E.	B	S.E.
土地要素投入	-0.430***	0.045	-0.180***	0.044	0.406***	0.039	0.574***	0.044
农业劳动力投入	0.082***	0.021	0.008	0.017	-0.939***	0.018	-0.978***	0.017
资本投入	0.375***	0.043	0.243***	0.035	0.507***	0.037	0.435***	0.035
农户自发转入	0.069*	0.040	0.061	0.085	0.005	0.035	0.147*	0.085
村集体组织转入	0.267***	0.059	0.272**	0.122	0.171***	0.051	0.203*	0.121
农业技术培训			0.074	0.046			0.060	0.046
自发流转×技术培训			-0.015	0.065			0.076	0.064
集体流转×技术培训			0.051	0.075			0.119	0.074
经济作物			0.507***	0.077			0.119	0.076
自发流转×经济作物			0.067	0.094			0.079	0.094
集体流转×经济作物			0.478***	0.103			0.499***	0.102
长期农业生产投资			-0.029	0.275			-0.062	0.272
自发流转×长期投资			0.110	0.279			0.200	0.277
集体流转×长期投资			0.003	0.281			-0.036	0.278
非农业收入比重			-0.048**	0.023			-0.084***	0.022
金湖县	0.063	0.058	0.240***	0.047	-0.075	0.050	0.005	0.046
泗洪县	-0.079	0.058	0.142***	0.048	-0.027	0.050	0.067	0.047
宝应县	-0.141**	0.058	0.077	0.049	-0.047	0.050	0.042	0.048
常数项	5.086***	0.278	5.888***	0.229	4.278***	0.241	4.711***	0.227
观测量	632		632		632		632
F统计量	33.66***		42.94***		558.51***		289.18***
调整R²	0.294		0.572		0.877		0.902