基于能值的能源投入回报方法及其应用——以大庆油田为例

doi:10.18402/resci.2016.12.07

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

能源资源开发过程中的环境影响和资源消耗问题日益凸显,而现有的以经济价值为衡量标准的评价方法对此考虑不足。本文从能源开发本质是为社会提供净能源这一层面入手,结合能值的相关理论方法,把能源开发过程的能源投入与产出及环境影响均视为能量的流动或贮存,建立了基于能值的能源投入回报法,并以大庆油田进行实例分析。根据实地调研数据,基于能值的能源投入回报方法结果显示大庆油田的能源投入回报值已经从2001年的6.3下降到2012年的3.6,说明其为社会提供的净能源正在递减。与标准能源投入回报方法相比,基于能值的能源投入回报方法结果下降趋势更明显,更符合实际情况。此外,基于能值的能源投入回报可以视为一种反映能源开发活动生态变化的指标,该方法关注经济活动的能源资源基础,从相对物理的视角反映了能源资源开发中的资源与环境问题。

关键词: 能源开发, 能值, 能源投入回报方法, 大庆油田

Abstract:

Resource and environment issues involved in energy resource exploitation have become increasingly prominent. Due to inadequate consideration of these issues,economic evaluation methods are criticized and new methods are needed. The important role of energy resource exploitation is to provide net energy for society,and Energy Return on Investment （EROI）is a relative physical method that measures net energy from energy resource exploitation. To take environment and labor factors into consideration,this study introduces emergy theory and methods into EROI and establishes a new method termed Emergy-based Energy Return on Investment （EmEROI）as a new method for evaluating energy resource exploitation. EmEROI treats environmental impacts and labor as a particular state of flowing energy or stored energy. Using the Daqing oilfield as a case study,we found that the EmEROI of it decreased from 6.3 in 2001 to 3.6 in 2012. The declining EmEROI indicates that net energy from Daqing oilfield exploitation is decreasing. Compared with the Standard EROI, the EmEROI result is much lower and the decline trend in EmEROI is more obvious,better fitting the actual situation. Focusing on the energy resource base of economic activities,EmEROI is an ecological index indicating the evolution of energy resource exploitation. Much more attention should be paid to EmEROI as it is a relative physical index reflecting the relationship between natural resource and economic activities. It is important to consider EmEROI as an auxiliary index when evaluating emergy resource exploitation.

Key words: energy development, emergy, EROI, Daqing oilfield

陈英超, 冯连勇, 王建良. 基于能值的能源投入回报方法及其应用——以大庆油田为例[J]. 资源科学, 2016, 38(12): 2270-2282.

CHEN Yingchao,FENG Lianyong,WANG Jianliang. Emergy-based energy return on investment method and its application in Daqing Oilfield[J]. Resources Science, 2016, 38(12): 2270-2282.

图/表 15

表1

EROI计算的研究边界与投入层级"

投入层级	研究边界
投入层级	1. 开采	2. 中间环节	3. 最终使用
1. 直接能源及材料投入（d）	$ERO I 1, d$	$ERO I 2, d$	$ERO I 3, d$
2. 间接能源及材料投入（id）	$ERO I stnd$	$ERO I 2, id$	$ERO I 3, id$
3. 劳动力投入（lab）	$ERO I 1, lab$	$ERO I 2, lab$	$ERO I 3, lab$
4. 配套服务投入（aux）	$ERO I 1, aux$	$ERO I 2, aux$	$ERO I 3, aux$
5. 环境投入（env）	$ERO I 1, env$	$ERO I 2, env$	$ERO I 3, env$

表1

图1

图2

表2

表3

表4

表5

表6

表7

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

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年份	原油 /万t	天然气 /亿m³	汽油 /万t	柴油 /万t	自耗油 /万t	自耗气 /亿m³	电力 /亿kW·h	投资 /亿元	操作成本 /亿元	费用 /亿元
2001	5 150.2	25.2	3.5	6.6	32.5	12.1	95.2	121.2	132.4	32.2
2002	5 013.1	25.0	3.6	6.2	20.0	12.3	97.9	122.1	113.9	35.9
2003	4 840.0	24.7	3.7	7.2	19.8	12.1	98.7	128.8	113.8	46.2
2004	4 640.0	23.9	3.6	7.3	23.6	12.1	98.5	133.3	119.4	43.5
2005	4 495.1	26.1	3.6	8.5	23.9	12.0	98.3	191.2	140.7	67.4
2006	4 340.5	23.4	3.7	8.5	22.5	12.3	100.0	245.6	177.1	90.8
2007	4 169.8	22.7	4.0	9.5	22.1	12.8	99.0	258.7	192.3	107.8
2008	4 020.0	22.8	4.2	7.1	21.1	14.1	97.9	203.6	204.0	104.3
2009	4 000.0	25.4	4.9	8.6	21.9	13.9	98.1	249.6	208.3	114.0
2010	4 000.0	29.0	5.1	8.8	21.2	10.2	110.8	263.0	236.6	123.1
2011	4 000.0	31.0	5.4	9.2	21.2	10.2	123.8	242.0	253.6	132.1
2012	4 000.0	33.0	5.8	8.9	21.2	10.2	136.5	267.0	259.5	141.9

年份	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
原油/（美元/桶）	24.0	25.5	29.5	36.7	52.6	63.3	71.4	96.7	60.0	78.5	110.3	113.4
天然气/（元/m³）	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	0.678	0.693	0.813	0.814	0.955	1.082	1.125
汽油/（元/t）	2 591	2 570	3 023	3 542	4 221	5 035	5 168	5 881	5 763	6 627	7 804	8 007
柴油/（元/t）	2 426	2 384	2 735	3 165	3 702	4 411	4 668	5 526	4 965	5 910	6 952	7 046
电力/（元/（kW·h））	0.572	0.572	0.572	0.572	0.572	0.572	0.572	0.572	0.595	0.595	0.595	0.595

	年份	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
汽油	CO/（g/（kW·h））	34.00	34.00	17.4	17.40	17.40	17.40	17.40	17.40	9.70	9.70	9.70	9.70
	HC/（g/（kW·h））	4.13	4.13	1.64	1.64	1.64	1.64	1.64	1.64	0.41	0.41	0.41	0.29
	NO_X/（g/（kW·h））	9.87	9.87	3.96	3.96	3.96	3.96	3.96	3.96	0.98	0.98	0.98	0.70
	S/（ppm）	800	800	800	800	500	500	500	500	500	150	150	150
柴油	CO/（g/（kW·h））	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	3.50	3.50	3.50	3.50
	HC/（g/（kW·h））	1.30	1.30	1.30	1.30	1.30	1.30	1.30	1.30	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	NO_X/（g/（kW·h））	9.20	9.20	9.20	9.20	9.20	9.20	9.20	9.20	6.00	6.00	6.00	6.00
	PM（g/（kW·h））	0.54	0.54	0.54	0.54	0.54	0.54	0.54	0.54	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20
	S/ppm	10 000	2 000	2 000	2 000	500	500	500	500	500	350	350	350

年份	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
谷类（除玉米）	1 169.6	1 125.0	961.1	1 252.5	1 334.5	1 533.2	1 780.8	1 680.0	1 721.5	1 960.4	2 182.4	2 260.0
玉米	819.5	1 070.5	830.9	1 050.0	1 379.5	1 453.5	1 568.5	1 822.0	1 920.2	2 324.4	2 675.8	2 887.9
豆类	5.4	6.1	6.2	7.3	8.0	6.9	5.3	6.7	6.2	6.0	5.8	4.8
油料	36.3	52.8	44.7	46.0	60.6	63.1	50.1	28.5	28.2	27.5	23.3	22.5
麻类	29.8	36.2	28.3	39.3	36.1	29.4	18.0	16.5	4.5	2.2	1.2	1.0
水果	21.2	13.2	12.0	10.6	11.5	11.3	10.2	10.6	7.0	7.2	7.9	8.7
蔬菜食用菌	1 250.2	1 324.7	1 198.3	1 061.6	1 153.5	1 132.7	1 018.8	1 057.9	701.2	723.8	789.9	866.4
肉类	171.2	190.0	217.2	260.5	306.3	218.5	234.2	303.3	187.6	197.9	201.2	216.2
奶类	192.4	239.8	304.0	378.1	444.2	438.3	478.4	585.1	649.5	558.8	550.4	565.0
禽蛋类	80.3	84.6	90.3	98.3	102.7	90.4	94.8	109.3	101.9	105.3	105.4	108.2
水产品	40.2	41.8	41.9	43.0	44.6	33.1	34.3	35.6	38.1	40.0	35.7	45.3
林木采伐	638.5	612.6	761.2	623.8	764.1	749.7	758.4	880.4	751.4	770.0	422.4	371.7

	人体健康	伤残调整寿命年（DALY/kg of emission）	生态系统质量	生态系统破坏概率（PDF·m²·a）
CO₂	气候变化	21.00E-08
NO_X	呼吸系统疾病	0.89E-04	酸化效应	5.71
SO₂	呼吸系统疾病	0.55E-04	酸化效应	1.04
粉尘	呼吸系统疾病	3.75E-04