资源科学 ›› 2016, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (12): 2270-2282.doi: 10.18402/resci.2016.12.07
收稿日期:
2016-04-30
修回日期:
2016-09-23
出版日期:
2016-12-20
发布日期:
2016-12-20
作者简介:
作者简介:陈英超,男,河北邯郸人,博士生,研究方向为能源经济。
基金资助:
CHEN Yingchao(), FENG Lianyong(
), WANG Jianliang
Received:
2016-04-30
Revised:
2016-09-23
Online:
2016-12-20
Published:
2016-12-20
摘要:
能源资源开发过程中的环境影响和资源消耗问题日益凸显,而现有的以经济价值为衡量标准的评价方法对此考虑不足。本文从能源开发本质是为社会提供净能源这一层面入手,结合能值的相关理论方法,把能源开发过程的能源投入与产出及环境影响均视为能量的流动或贮存,建立了基于能值的能源投入回报法,并以大庆油田进行实例分析。根据实地调研数据,基于能值的能源投入回报方法结果显示大庆油田的能源投入回报值已经从2001年的6.3下降到2012年的3.6,说明其为社会提供的净能源正在递减。与标准能源投入回报方法相比,基于能值的能源投入回报方法结果下降趋势更明显,更符合实际情况。此外,基于能值的能源投入回报可以视为一种反映能源开发活动生态变化的指标,该方法关注经济活动的能源资源基础,从相对物理的视角反映了能源资源开发中的资源与环境问题。
陈英超, 冯连勇, 王建良. 基于能值的能源投入回报方法及其应用——以大庆油田为例[J]. 资源科学, 2016, 38(12): 2270-2282.
CHEN Yingchao,FENG Lianyong,WANG Jianliang. Emergy-based energy return on investment method and its application in Daqing Oilfield[J]. Resources Science, 2016, 38(12): 2270-2282.
表2
2001-2012年大庆油田油气产出及相关投入数据"
年份 | 原油 /万t | 天然气 /亿m3 | 汽油 /万t | 柴油 /万t | 自耗油 /万t | 自耗气 /亿m3 | 电力 /亿kW·h | 投资 /亿元 | 操作成本 /亿元 | 费用 /亿元 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | 5 150.2 | 25.2 | 3.5 | 6.6 | 32.5 | 12.1 | 95.2 | 121.2 | 132.4 | 32.2 |
2002 | 5 013.1 | 25.0 | 3.6 | 6.2 | 20.0 | 12.3 | 97.9 | 122.1 | 113.9 | 35.9 |
2003 | 4 840.0 | 24.7 | 3.7 | 7.2 | 19.8 | 12.1 | 98.7 | 128.8 | 113.8 | 46.2 |
2004 | 4 640.0 | 23.9 | 3.6 | 7.3 | 23.6 | 12.1 | 98.5 | 133.3 | 119.4 | 43.5 |
2005 | 4 495.1 | 26.1 | 3.6 | 8.5 | 23.9 | 12.0 | 98.3 | 191.2 | 140.7 | 67.4 |
2006 | 4 340.5 | 23.4 | 3.7 | 8.5 | 22.5 | 12.3 | 100.0 | 245.6 | 177.1 | 90.8 |
2007 | 4 169.8 | 22.7 | 4.0 | 9.5 | 22.1 | 12.8 | 99.0 | 258.7 | 192.3 | 107.8 |
2008 | 4 020.0 | 22.8 | 4.2 | 7.1 | 21.1 | 14.1 | 97.9 | 203.6 | 204.0 | 104.3 |
2009 | 4 000.0 | 25.4 | 4.9 | 8.6 | 21.9 | 13.9 | 98.1 | 249.6 | 208.3 | 114.0 |
2010 | 4 000.0 | 29.0 | 5.1 | 8.8 | 21.2 | 10.2 | 110.8 | 263.0 | 236.6 | 123.1 |
2011 | 4 000.0 | 31.0 | 5.4 | 9.2 | 21.2 | 10.2 | 123.8 | 242.0 | 253.6 | 132.1 |
2012 | 4 000.0 | 33.0 | 5.8 | 8.9 | 21.2 | 10.2 | 136.5 | 267.0 | 259.5 | 141.9 |
表3
2001-2012年相关能源价格"
年份 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
原油/(美元/桶) | 24.0 | 25.5 | 29.5 | 36.7 | 52.6 | 63.3 | 71.4 | 96.7 | 60.0 | 78.5 | 110.3 | 113.4 |
天然气/(元/m3) | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 0.678 | 0.693 | 0.813 | 0.814 | 0.955 | 1.082 | 1.125 |
汽油/(元/t) | 2 591 | 2 570 | 3 023 | 3 542 | 4 221 | 5 035 | 5 168 | 5 881 | 5 763 | 6 627 | 7 804 | 8 007 |
柴油/(元/t) | 2 426 | 2 384 | 2 735 | 3 165 | 3 702 | 4 411 | 4 668 | 5 526 | 4 965 | 5 910 | 6 952 | 7 046 |
电力/(元/(kW·h)) | 0.572 | 0.572 | 0.572 | 0.572 | 0.572 | 0.572 | 0.572 | 0.572 | 0.595 | 0.595 | 0.595 | 0.595 |
表4
2001-2012年汽油与柴油的排放标准及硫含量"
年份 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
汽油 | CO/(g/(kW·h)) | 34.00 | 34.00 | 17.4 | 17.40 | 17.40 | 17.40 | 17.40 | 17.40 | 9.70 | 9.70 | 9.70 | 9.70 |
HC/(g/(kW·h)) | 4.13 | 4.13 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.29 | |
NOX/(g/(kW·h)) | 9.87 | 9.87 | 3.96 | 3.96 | 3.96 | 3.96 | 3.96 | 3.96 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.70 | |
S/(ppm) | 800 | 800 | 800 | 800 | 500 | 500 | 500 | 500 | 500 | 150 | 150 | 150 | |
柴油 | CO/(g/(kW·h)) | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.50 |
HC/(g/(kW·h)) | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
NOX/(g/(kW·h)) | 9.20 | 9.20 | 9.20 | 9.20 | 9.20 | 9.20 | 9.20 | 9.20 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | |
PM(g/(kW·h)) | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | |
S/ppm | 10 000 | 2 000 | 2 000 | 2 000 | 500 | 500 | 500 | 500 | 500 | 350 | 350 | 350 |
表5
2001-2012年黑龙江省农、林、牧、渔业的产量"
年份 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
谷类(除玉米) | 1 169.6 | 1 125.0 | 961.1 | 1 252.5 | 1 334.5 | 1 533.2 | 1 780.8 | 1 680.0 | 1 721.5 | 1 960.4 | 2 182.4 | 2 260.0 |
玉米 | 819.5 | 1 070.5 | 830.9 | 1 050.0 | 1 379.5 | 1 453.5 | 1 568.5 | 1 822.0 | 1 920.2 | 2 324.4 | 2 675.8 | 2 887.9 |
豆类 | 5.4 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 7.3 | 8.0 | 6.9 | 5.3 | 6.7 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 4.8 |
油料 | 36.3 | 52.8 | 44.7 | 46.0 | 60.6 | 63.1 | 50.1 | 28.5 | 28.2 | 27.5 | 23.3 | 22.5 |
麻类 | 29.8 | 36.2 | 28.3 | 39.3 | 36.1 | 29.4 | 18.0 | 16.5 | 4.5 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 1.0 |
水果 | 21.2 | 13.2 | 12.0 | 10.6 | 11.5 | 11.3 | 10.2 | 10.6 | 7.0 | 7.2 | 7.9 | 8.7 |
蔬菜食用菌 | 1 250.2 | 1 324.7 | 1 198.3 | 1 061.6 | 1 153.5 | 1 132.7 | 1 018.8 | 1 057.9 | 701.2 | 723.8 | 789.9 | 866.4 |
肉类 | 171.2 | 190.0 | 217.2 | 260.5 | 306.3 | 218.5 | 234.2 | 303.3 | 187.6 | 197.9 | 201.2 | 216.2 |
奶类 | 192.4 | 239.8 | 304.0 | 378.1 | 444.2 | 438.3 | 478.4 | 585.1 | 649.5 | 558.8 | 550.4 | 565.0 |
禽蛋类 | 80.3 | 84.6 | 90.3 | 98.3 | 102.7 | 90.4 | 94.8 | 109.3 | 101.9 | 105.3 | 105.4 | 108.2 |
水产品 | 40.2 | 41.8 | 41.9 | 43.0 | 44.6 | 33.1 | 34.3 | 35.6 | 38.1 | 40.0 | 35.7 | 45.3 |
林木采伐 | 638.5 | 612.6 | 761.2 | 623.8 | 764.1 | 749.7 | 758.4 | 880.4 | 751.4 | 770.0 | 422.4 | 371.7 |
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